Introduction: Gastrointestinal Carcinomas are one of the most common malignancy which is increasing globally. It is the third most common cancer. Worldwide an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10 million cancer deaths occurred in 2020 (GLOBOCAN 2020) worldwide. The global cancer burden is expected to be a 47% rise from 2020 to 28.4 million cases in 2040 (GLOBOCAN 2020). Gastric cancers are associated with high morbidity and high mortality.

Material and Method: This study included total 979 patients who attended our OPD in the department of Radiation Oncology in State Cancer Institute from April 2021 to March 2022.

Results: • 53.83% cases of carcinoma gall bladder were largest number of cases.
• carcinoma pancreas cases were 8.3%.
• carcinoma stomach cases were 11.23%.
• Hepatocellular carcinoma cases was 26.55%.
The study shows the most common age group was 51-60 years. Carcinoma gall bladder was the most common.

Keywords: Gastrointestinal Carcinoma; Carcinoma Pancreas; Carcinoma Stomach; Hepatocellular Carcinoma

References

1. Mehdi I. “Frequency of gastrointestinal tumours at a teaching hospitalin Karachi”. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 48 (1988): 14-17.
2. “Globocan” (2020).
3. Carpelan-Holmstrom M., et al. “CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 improve the diagnostic accuracy in gastrointestinal cancers”. Anticancer Research4 (2002): 2311-2316.
4. Yang XQ., et al. “Preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125 as prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival in colorectal cancer”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 5 (2011): 1251-1256.
5. Lamerz R. “CA19-9: GICA (gastrointestinal cancer antigen)”. In: Sell S, editors. Serological cancer markers. Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press (1992): 47-97.
6. Daniel FH., et al. “Tumor Marker Utility Grading System: a Framework to Evaluate Clinical Utility of Tumor Markers”. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88 (1996): 1456-1466.
7. Bellissimo F., et al. “Diagnostic and therapeutic management of hepatocellular carcinoma”. World Journal of Gastroenterology 42 (2015): 12003-12021.
8. Zhang SY., et al. “Evaluation of the diagnostic value of alpha-I- fucosidase, apha-fetoprotein and thymidine kinase 1 with ROC and logistic regression for hepatocellular carcinoma”. FEBS Open Biology 5 (2015): 240- 244.
9. Kunz PL., et al. “Long-term survivors of gastric cancer: a California population-basedstudy”. Journal of Clinical Oncology28 (2012): 3507-3515.
10. Morton K Schwartz. “Enzymes as prognostic markers and therapeuticindicators in patients with cancer”. Clinica Chimica Acta 206 (1992): 77-82.
11. Bast , et al. “Reactivity of a monoclonal antibody with human ovarian carcinoma”. Journal of Clinical Investigation 68 (1981): 1331-1337.
12. Vij U and Baskaran V. “Value of serum CEA and AFP in the diagnosis and prognosis of carcinoma gall bladder”. Tropical Gastroenterology 22 (1989): 227-229.
13. Sugaya Y., et al. “A case of gallbladder carcinoma producing both alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)”. Gastroenterology Japanica 24 (1989): 325-331.
14. Kankonkar S., et al. “Significance of tumour markers in cancer of gall bladder”. Open Journal of Immunology 3 (2013): 33-36.
15. Del Villavo BC., et al. “Radior immunometric arising for a monoclonal antibody tumor marker CA19”. Clinical Chemistry 3 (1983): 549-552.
16. Ono T., et al. “Alpha fetoprotein, Carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9-producing gallbladder cancer”. Journal of Gastroenterology 31 (1996): 742-746.
17. Koukourakis MI., et al. “Lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH-5) overexpression in non- small-cell lung cancer tissues is linked to tumour hypoxia, angiogenic factor production and poor prognosis, Tumour and Angiogenesis Research Group”. British Journal of Cancer 5 (2003): 1152-1160.
18. Koldev Y., et al. “Lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH- 5) expression in human gastric cancer: association with hypoxia- inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) pathway, angiogenic factors production and poor prognosis”. Annals of Surgical Oncology 8 (2008): 2336-2344.
19. Atrkar-Roushan Z., et al. “Trend analysis of gastrointestinal cancer incidences in guilan province: comparing rate over 15 years”. Asian pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention12 (2013): 7587-7593.
20. Patriti A., et al. “Postoperative follow up of gastric adenocarcinoma with neoplastic markers and 18-FDG-PET/T”. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia 78 (2007): 481-485.
21. Chang YC., et al. “Comparison between the clinicopathologic features of AFP positive and AFP- negative gastric cancers”. American Journal of Gastroenterology 87 (1992): 321-325.
22. Mihmanli M., et al. “The use of tumor markers as predictors of prognosis in gastric cancer”. Hepatogastroenterology 51 (2004): 1544-1547.
23. Yoo CH., et al. “Recurrence following curative resection for gastric carcinoma”. British Journal of Surgery 87 (2000): 236.
24. Takahashi Y., et al. “Tumor Marker Committee: the usefulness of CEA and/or CA19-9 in monitoring for recurrence in gastric cancer patients: a prospective clinical study”. Gastric Cancer 6 (2003): 142-145.
25. Fan B and Xiong B. “Investigation of serum tumor markers in the diagnosis of gastric cancer”. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer 42 (2011): 127-130.
26. Choi SR., et al. “Role of serum tumor markers in monitoring for recurrence of gastric cancer following radical gastrectomy”. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 51 (2006): 2081-2086.
27. Nakagoe T., et al. “Pre-operative serum levels of sialyl Tn antigen predict liver metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cacner”. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 27 (2001): 731-739.
28. Marrelli D., et al. “Different patterns of recurrence in gastric cancer depending on Lauren’s histological type: longitudinal study”. World Journal of Surgery 26 (2002): 1160-1165.
29. Kurygin AA., et al. “The role of tumor markers in diagnosing metastases of gastric cancer: preoperative diagnostics”. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 168 (2009): 16-19.
30. Mori M., et al. “Correlation between metastatic site, histological type, and serum tumor markers of gastric carcinoma”. Human Pathology 26 (1995): 504-508.
31. Ucar E., et al. “Prognostic value of preoperative CEA, CA19-9, CA 72-4, and AFP levels ingastric cancer”. Advance in Therapy 25 (2008): 1075-1084.
32. Shukla PJ., et al. “A new scoring system for gallbladder cancer (aiding treatment algorithm): an analysis of 335 patients”. Annals of Surgical Oncology 11 (2008): 3132-3137.
33. Brockmann J., et al. “Gallbladder bile tumor market quantification for detection of pancreatobiliary malignancies”. Anticancer Research 20 (2000): 4941-4947.
34. Niederau C and Grendell “Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma: imaging techniques and tumor markers”. Pancreas 7 (1992): 66-86.
35. Pleskow , et al. “Evaluation of serologic marker, CA 19-9, in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer”. Annals of Internal Medicine110 (1989): 704-709.
36. Gerwenka , et al. “Preoperative differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pancreatic lesion: the value of pancreatic secretory tryp- sin inhibitor, procarboxypeptidase B, CA 19-9 and CEA”. Hepatogastroenterology 44 (1997): 1117-1121.
37. DelMaschio , et al. “Pancreatic cancer vs chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis with CA 19-9 assessment, US, CT, and CT-guided fine- needle biopsy”. Radiology 178 (1991): 95-99.
38. Tomazic A and Pegan V. “Preoperative staging of periampullar cancer with US, CT, EUS and CA 19-9”. Hepatogastroenterology 47 (2000): 1135-1137.
39. Hayakawa T., et al. “A prospective multicenter trial evaluating diagnostic validity of multivariate analysis and individual serum marker in differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer from benign pancreatic diseases”. The International Journal of Pancreatology 25 (1999): 23-29.
40. Benini L., et al. “A clinical evaluation of monoclonal (CA 19-9, CA 50, CA 12-5) and polyclonal (CEA, TPA) antibody-defined antigens for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer”. Pancreas 3 (1988): 61-66.
41. Safi F., et al. “Prognostic value of CA 19-9 serum course in pancreatic cancer”. Hepatogastroenterology 45 (1998): 253-259.
42. Okusaka T., et al. “Tumor markers in evaluating the response to radiotherapy in unresectable pancreatic cancer”. Hepatogastroenterology 45 (1998): 867-872.
43. Ohara , et al. “Utility of serum CA 19-9 monitoring in preoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer”. Hepatogastroenterology 48 (2001): 859-863.
44. Van den Bosch RP., et al. “Serum CA 19-9 determination in the management of pancreatic cancer”. Hepatogastroenterology 43 (1996): 710-713.
45. Raedle J., et al. “p53 autoantibodies in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma”. Pancreas 13 (1996): 241-246.
46. Omar Al-Nayeeb N., et al. “Serum levels of CA 125 in patients with gastric intestinal cancers”. Tumor Biology 10 (1989): 316-323.
47. Gattani , et al. “Tumor markers in patients with pancreatic carcinoma”. Cancer 78 (1996): 57-62.
48. Sakamato , et al. “Combination effectiveness of the tumour diagnostics, CA19-9, CA125 and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with diseases of the digestive system”. Gut 28 (1987): 323-329.
49. Haglund C. “Tumour marker antigen CA125 in pancreatic cancer: a comparison with CA19-9 and CEA”. British Journal of Cancer 54 (1986): 897-901.
50. Taketa K., et al. “Evaluation of tumor markers for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in Yangon General Hospital, Myanmar”. Acta Medica Okayama 56 (2002): 317-320.
51. Liu X., et al. “Clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors in alpha-fetoprotein- producing gastric cancers, analysis of 104 cases”. Surgical Oncology 3 (2010): 249-255.
52. Chen Y., et al. “High level of serum AFP is an independent negative prognostic factor in gastric cancer”. The International Journal of Biological Markers 4 (2015): e387-393.
53. Zuo C and An JQ. “Analysis on clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with serum alpha-fetoprotein-positive gastric cancer”. Minerva Medica 4 (2015): 185-191.
54. Yamamoto M., et al. “Peritoneal lavage CEA/CA125 is a prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients”. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 7 (2007): 471-476.
55. Jingjing Zong., et al. “Serum Tumor Markers for Early Diagnosis of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma”. Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 7 (2020): 413-422.
56. Bidart JM., et al. “Kinetics of serum tumor marker concentrations and usefulness in clinical monitoring”. Clinical Chemistry 10 (1999): 1695-1707.
57. Patel PS., et al. “Combined use of Serum enzyme levels as tumor markers in cervical carcinoma patients”. Tumor Biology 1 (1994): 45-51.
58. Guo Li., et al. “Increased pretreatment levels of serum LDH and ALP as poor prognostic factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma”. Journal of Cancer 4 (2012): 197-206.
59. Kimura Y., et al. “Serum CA125 level is a good prognostic indicator in lung cancer”. British Journal of Cancer 62 (1990): 676-678.
60. Diez M., et al. “Serum CEA, CA125 and SCC antigens and tumor recurrence in resectable non- small cell lung cancer”. The International Journal of Biological Markers 10 (1995): 5-10.
61. Haga Y., et al. “Clinical significance of serum CA125 values in patients with cancers of the digestive system”. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 292 (1986): 30-34.
62. Webb A., et al. “The prognostic value of serum and immunohistochemical tumor markers in advanced gastric cancer”. European Journal of Cancer 32 (1996): 63-68.
63. Chaiteerakij , et al. “A new clinically based staging system for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma”. American Journal of Gastroenterology 109 (2019): 1881-1890.
64. Patel AH., et al. “The utility of without primary sclerosing cholangitis”. American Journal of Gastroenterology 95 (2000): 204-207.
65. Tang , et al. “Correlation between clinicopathological features and CA19-9/CEA in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma”. Chinese Clinical Oncology 36 (2014): 662-666.
66. Sheen-Chen , et al. “Extremely elevated CA19.9 in acute cholangitis”. American Journal of Gastroenterology 95 (2007): 204-207.
67. Wang YF., et al. “Combined detection tumor markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer”. World Journal of Gastroenterology 20 (2014): 4085-4092.
68. Ashish Sachan., et al. “Raised CA19-9 and CEA have prognostic relevance in gallbladder carcinoma”. BMC Cancer 826 (2020).
69. Agrawal S., et al. “Does CA 19-9 have Prognostic Relevance in Gallbladder Carcinoma (GBC)?” Gastrointestinal Cancer2 (2018): 144-149.
70. Chung MJ., et al. “Preoperative Serum CA 19-9 level as a predictive factor for recurrence after curative resection in biliary tract cancer”. Annals of Surgical Oncology 6 (2011): 1651-1656.

Citation

Citation: Seema Devi., et al. “Tumor Markers in Gastrointestinal Tumors”.Acta Scientific Cancer Biology 8.4 (2024): 22-33.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Seema Devi., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.