AN Belousov^1,2,3*, EI Malygon^2,3, TO Kalynychenko⁴, EY Belousova^1,2 and MV Yagovdik⁴

¹Laboratory of Applied Nanotechnology of Belousov, Ukraine
²Kharkiv National Medical University, Ukraine
³Kharkiv Regional Center of Blood Service, Ukraine
⁴Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine

*Corresponding Author: AN Belousov, Laboratory of Applied Nanotechnology of Belousov, Ukraine.

Received: January 21, 2023; Published: January 31, 2024

Abstract

At present, nanotechnology offers fresh possibilities for influencing anaerobic glycolysis processes and hexose monophosphate reactions in preserved red blood cells. We investigated components containing red blood cells donated with the CPDA-1 preservative. We utilized modified solutions consisting of 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose for resuspension. The solutions underwent treatment with magnetite nanoparticles (specifically, ICNB brand) using the Belousov’s method. Spectrophotometry was employed to determine the levels of 2,3-DPG, ATP, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. This research presents promising avenues for extending the shelf life and maintaining the functional activity of preserved red blood cells. Our findings demonstrated a significant increase in ATP and reduced glutathione, accompanied by a reduction in 2,3-DPG and glutathione peroxidase. It was evident that the enhancement of anaerobic glycolysis was less pronounced in experiments involving modified physiological saline compared to those using a glucose solution. Instead, the pentose glucose oxidation cycle prevailed. A comprehensive analysis of the collected data suggests that the modified resuspension solutions possess membrane-protective properties, which can be attributed to the rise in ATP and reduced glutathione, maintaining the cell's redox potential in equilibrium. The introduction of magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) induces changes in the mobility and orientation of hydrogen protons within the resuspension solutions. This results in polarization of the aqueous environment surrounding the erythrocytes due to van der Waals forces. This polarization constitutes the primary cause behind the activation of ATP phosphate residue hydrolysis and the activation of intracellular enzymes that regulate anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate cycle. As a consequence, transmembrane metabolism and metabolic processes are altered, leading to a shift in the energy state of erythrocytes and the activation of enzymes. All of these changes exert a substantial influence on the energy supply of preserved red blood cells, thus preserving their functional capabilities under storage conditions at temperatures ranging from 2 to 6°C.

Keywords: Magnetite Nanoparticles; Resuspending Solution; Preserved Erythrocytes; Membrane-Protective Effect; Anaerobic Glycolysis; Pentose Cycle

References

1. Turrens J F. “Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species”. The Journal of Physiology2 (2003): 335-344.
2. Hayyan M., et al. “Superoxide ion: generation and chemical implications”. Chemical Reviews5 (2016): 3029-3085.
3. Devasagayam TPA., et al. “Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects”. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 52 (2004): 794-804.
4. Waszczak C., et al. “Reactive oxygen species in plant signaling”. Annual Review of Plant Biology 69 (2018): 209-236.
5. Jacobasch G., et al. “Metabolism of the hexose monophosphate shunt in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and closely interrelated reactions”. Haematologia (Budap) 15.4 (1982): 401-407.
6. Guitton J., et al. “Hexose monophosphate shunt activities in human erythrocytes during oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide”. Archive Toxicology7 (2003): 410-417.
7. Pastore A., et al. “Determination of blood total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione in pediatric subjects”. Clinical Chemistry8 (2001): 1467-1469.
8. Pompella A., et al. “The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist”. Biochemical Pharmacology8 (2003): 1499-1503.
9. Novello F and McLean P. “The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. Measurement of the non-oxidative reactions of the cycle”. Biochemical Journal6 (1968): 775-791.
10. Lu Shelly C. “Glutathione synthesis”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects5 (2013): 3143-3153.
11. Halprin K M and Ohkawara A. “The measurement of glutathione in human epidermis using glutathione reductase”. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology2 (1967): 149-152.
12. Murakami K., et al. “Impairment of glutathione metabolism in erythrocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus”. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental8 (1989): 753-758.
13. Scholz R W., et al. “Mechanism of interaction of vitamin E and glutathione in the protection against membrane lipid peroxidation”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences1 (1989): 514-517.
14. Mills B J., et al. “Glutathione disulfide variability in normal human blood". Analytical Biochemistry1 (1994): 95-101.
15. Richie Jr J P., et al. “Long-term stability of blood glutathione and cysteine in humans”. Clinical Chemistry7 (2021): 1100-1105.
16. Schafer FQ and Buettner GR. “Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple”. Free Radical Biology and Medicine11 (2001): 1191-1212.
17. van 't Erve T J., et al. “The concentration of glutathione in human erythrocytes is a heritable trait”. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 65 (2013): 742-749.
18. Belousov A N. “The use of magnetite nanoparticles in applied medicine”. Materials Science Forum 694 (2011): 205-208.
19. Belousov AN. “Myth and reality application of magnetite nanoparticles as selective contrasting means of the malignant tumors in MRI investigation”. Biomedical Engineering Research3 (2013): 147-152.
20. Belousov A N. “The role of magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) in discovery new factor which influence on permeability of erythrocytes and eryptosis”. Open Access Library Journal 1 (2014): e1055.
21. Belousov AN., et al. “Application of the standardized form magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) in creature simple and practical method of additive modernization of preservation solutions for red blood cells”. Global Journal of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 1 (2018).
22. Belousov A., et al. “Innovative method of nanotechnology to increase the storage time of RBCs due by stabilizing the molecular structure of proteins and lipids of erythrocyte membranes”. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 4 (2019): 10079-10087.
23. Belousov A., et al. “Study of effects a new resuspending solution which was nanotechnologically upgraded on lipoperoxidation, catalase activity and red blood cell peroxidation resistance in donor blood components”. Archives in Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology2 (2021): 1-6.
24. Mranova I S. “Determination of 2,3DPG and ATP in red blood cells”. Laboratory Business 7 (1975): 652-654.
25. Eschenko ND., et al. “Methods of biochemical studies”. Sankt-Petersburg National University, Leningrad (1982).
26. Moin VM. “A simple and specific method for determining glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes”. Lab Delo 12 (1986): 724-727.
27. Severin S E. “Practical work on biochemistry: Textbook”. Allowance. Severin, S. E., Solovyov, G. A., Eds., MGU, Moscow (1989).
28. Benesch R and Benesch R E. “The effect of organic phosphates from the human erythrocyte on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2 (1967): 162-167.
29. Brewer G J. “2,3-DPG and erythrocyte oxygen affinity”. Annual Review of Medicine 25 (1974): 29-38.
30. Melkonian E A and Schury MP. “Biochemistry, anaerobic glycolysis” (2022).
31. McMahon T J., et al. “Generation and export of red blood cell ATP in health and disease”. Frontiers in Physiology, Sec. Red Blood Cell Physiology12 (2021): 754638.
32. Francis R O., et al. “Donor glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency decreases blood quality for transfusion". Journal Clinical Investigation5 (2020): 2270-2285.
33. Yoshida T., et al. “Red blood cell storage lesion: causes and potential clinical consequences”. Blood Transfusion 1 (2019): 27-52.
34. Timothy J McMahon., et al. “Generation and Export of Red Blood Cell ATP in Health and Disease”. Frontiers in Physiology, Sec. Red Blood Cell Physiology12 (2021): 754638.
35. Pietkiewicz J., et al. “Influence of water polarization caused by phonon resonance on catalytic activity of enolase”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 6 (2021): 4255-4261.
36. Agarwal V., et al. “Hemolytic response of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles at the interface and in bulk: extraction of blood cells by magnetic nanoparticles”. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces5 (2022): 6428-6441.

Citation

Citation: AN Belousov., et al. “Nanotechnological Innovations: A Modern Outlook on Solving Challenges in Erythrocyte Preservation During Storage".Acta Scientific Biotechnology 5.1 (2024): 26-35.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 AN Belousov., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.