Cytokine Storm in COVID-19
Arunava Das*, Avik Mandal, Ujjwal Manna and Manas Chakraborty
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and A.H.S, WB, India
*Corresponding Author: Arunava Das, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and A.H.S, WB, India.
Received:
February 14, 2022; Published: March 19, 2021
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the viral pathogen that is abbreviated as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” and responsible for the disease known as Corona Virus Disease 2019 or COVID-19. What started as a few individual cases linking to a Fish Market situated in Wuhan, China, quickly took the form of a global pandemic in the span of upcoming 6 months with around 4 million cases of COVID-19 along with 7million death worldwide as of in June 2021. Through various studies done by multiple medical institutes a relation between COVID-19 progression and resulting cytokine storm has been established. This further enables us to develop treatments that decreases the disease severity.
References
- Paules CI., et al. “Coronavirus infections— more than just the common cold”. JAMA8 (2020): 707-708.
- Huang C., et al. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”. Lancet 10223 (2020): 497-506.
- Crayne CB., et al. “The immunology of macrophage activation syndrome”. Frontiers in Immunology 10 (2019): 119.
- Ding Y., et al. “Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS- CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways”. Journal of Pathology 203 (2004): 622-630.
- Sarzi-Puttini P., et al. “COVID-19, cytokines and immunosuppression: what can we learn from severe acute respiratory syndrome?”. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2 (2020): 337-342.
- Li X., et al. “Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis (2020).
- Read R. “Flawed methods in “COVID-19: attacks the 1-betachain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit humanheme metabolism”. ChemRxiv Preprint (2020).
- Wenzhong L and Hualan L. “COVID-19:attacks the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human heme metabolism”. ChemRxiv Preprint (2020).
- Zhang W., et al. “The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China”. Clinical Immunology (2020): 108393.
- Schnappauf O., et al. “The Pyrin inflammasome in health and disease”. Frontiers in Immunology 10 (2019): 1745.
- Lucherini OM., et al. “Updated overview of molecular pathways involved in the most common monogenic autoinflammatory diseases”. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 36 (2018): 3-9.
- Barrat FJ., et al. “Importance of nucleic acid recognition in inflammation and autoimmunity”. Annual Review of Medicine 67 (2016): 323-336.
- Zalinger ZB., et al. “MDA5 is critical to host defense during infection with murine coronavirus”. Journal of Virology 24 (2015): 12330-12340.
- Crow MK., et al. “Type I interferons in host defense and inflammatory diseases”. Lupus Science Medicine1 (2019): e000336.
- Al-Samkari H and Berliner N. “Hemophagocytic lymph histiocytosis”. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 13 (2018): 27-49.
- Mehta P., et al. “COVID- 19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression”. Lancet 10229 (2020): 1033-1034.
- Lamborn IT., et al. “Recurrent rhinovirus infections in a child with inherited MDA5 deficiency”. Journal of Experimental Medicine 7 (2017): 1949-1972.
- Stebbing J., et al. “COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments”. Lancet Infectious Disease 4 (2020): 400-402.
- Ferro F., et al. “COVID-19: the new challenge for rheumatologists”. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2 (2020): 175-180.
- Gao J., et al. “Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies”. Bioscience Trends1 (2020): 72-73.
- Vincent MJ., et al. “Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread”. Virology Journal 1 (2005): 69.
- Jamilloux Y., et al. “JAK inhibitors for the treatment of auto-immune and inflammatory diseases”. Autoimmune Review (2019): 102390.
- Richardson P., et al. “Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease”. Lancet10223 (2020): 30.
- Favalli EG., et al. “Baricitinib for COVID-19: a suitable treatment?” Lancet Infectious Disease (2020).
- Dholaria BR., et al. “Mechanisms and management of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy-related toxicities”. BioDrugs 1 (2019): 45-60.
- Ding C and Jones G. “Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody treatment in inflammatory autoimmune diseases”. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials 13 (2006): 193-200.
- Şahin A., et al. “Assessment of effectiveness of anakinra and canakinumab in patients with colchicine- resistant/unresponsive familial Mediterranean fever”. Advances in Rheumatology1 (2020): 12.
- Shakoory B., et al. “Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with features of the macrophage activation syndrome: re-analysis of a prior phase III trial”. Critical Care Medicine2 (2016): 275-281.
Citation
Copyright