Abstract

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids though our bodies cannot make them. The main source of Omega-3 fatty acids is fish especially Tuna, Salmon and Halibut species. Omega -3 fatty acids also play a vital role in the brain function. It is very important to have the right ratios of Omega-3 fatty acids in the diet. This study has established that consumed in the right quantities fish oil supplements containing high levels of Omega-3 fats mainly DHA and EPA had a 30 percent reduced risk of developing breast cancer. However, this reduction in the risk seemed to be limited mainly to invasive ductal breast cancer, the most widespread type of the disease. The deficiency of Omega-3 fatty acids has always been underlying factor for different types of cancers. The aim of the project is to investigate and seek from many of the numerous studies that have linked Omega-3 supplementation with a decreased risk of invasive ductal breast cancer and it adds to growing research that have highlighted the health benefits of omega-3 fats. Omega -3 fats have been known to influence some genes responsible for the prevention of breast cancer. From this study it is evident Omega-3 fatty acids intake slowed the growth of cancer cells in some forms of cancer strains. On the other hand, the intake of high amounts of Omega-6 fatty acids is known to enhance tumor growth and metastasis. No doubt EPA and DHA, long-chain(n-3) PUFA mostly obtained from fish aid to restrain the propagation of breast tumors. Nevertheless, there have been safety concerns in the use of Omega 3 fatty acid intake therapy. Adult stem cells exist in various tissues of the body. They play a role in tissue growth, substitution and repair. Confirmation shows that breast stem cells are multi potent and can renew themselves. Countless groups have endorsed the cancer stem cell hypothesis from the hematopoietic system to hard cancers, where using in vitro culture techniques and in vivo transplant models have documented confirmation of cancer stem cells in prostate, brain, Prostate and breast cancers. In the report, we can deduce that cell surface makers such as CD44+/CD24- could be used for the enrichment of stem cells among women with non-recurrent breast cancer. However, current improvements in immunotherapy have aimed at breast cancer stem cells and this could eventually guide to more significant clinical remissions.

Keywords: Omega-3; Fatty Acids; Fish Oil; DHA; EPA and Breast Cancer

References

1. Braden LM and Carroll KK. “Dietary fat Food and Mammary Carcinogenesis”. Nutrition Cancer 6 (2008): 254-259.
2. Galli M., et al. eds. Basel, Karger (2007): 462-476.
3. Dolecek, Grandits and There. World Review Nutrition Diet, Karger 66 (2007): 205-216.
4. Bjarnason. International Journal of Cancer 13 (2008): 689-696.
5. Simonsen N., et al. “Adipose Tissue Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Content and Breast Cancer in the EURAMIC Study”. American Journal of Epidemiology 147.4 (1998): 342-352.
6. “Human requirement for N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids”. Poultry Science 79.7 (2000): 961-970.
7. Bartnikowska E and Obiedziński MW. “Unsaturated fatty acids omega-3. I. Structure, sources, determination, metabolism in the organism”. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 48.4 (1997): 381-397.
8. Dimri M., et al. “Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress expression of EZH2 in breast cancer cells”. Carcinogenesis 31.3 (2010): 489-495.
9. Willett WC. “PPAR gamma mediates direct anti-angiogenic actions of omega 3- PUFAs in proliferative retinopathy”. Circulation Research 107.4 (2010): 495-500.
10. Simopoulos AP. “The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids”. Biomed Pharmacotherapy 56.8 (2002): 365-379.
11. Pardini RS. “Nutritional Intervention with omega-3 fatty Acids that Enhances tumor response to anti-neo-lastic agents”. Chemico-Biological Interactions 162 (2007): 89-105.
12. Calviello G., et al. “Antineoplastic Effects of n- 3polyunsaturated fatty Acids in combination with Drugs and Radiotherapy: Preventive and Therapeutic strategies”. Nutritional Cancer 61 (2009): 287-301.
13. Vibet S., et al. “Sensitization by DHA of breast cancer cells to anthracyclines by loss of glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) response”. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 44.61 (2008): 1483-1491.
14. Bougnoux P. “N-3 PUFA and cancer Curriculum”. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2 (2009): 121-126.
15. Girotti AW. “Lipid hydroperoxide generation, turnover, and effector action in biological systems”. Journal of Lipid Research 39 (2010): 1529-1542.
16. Lhuillery C., et al. “Enhancement of doxorubicin cytotoxicity by PUFA in the human breast tumor cell line MDA-MB- 231: Relationship to Lipid Peroxidation”. International Journal of Cancer 75 (2009): 578-583.
17. Horrobin D., et al. “PUFA Augment free Radical Generation in Tumor cells in vitro”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 145 (2008): 15-24.
18. Science daily Omega3 Fish Oil may Reduce cases of Breast Cancer (2010).
19. Dewailly E., et al. “Relations between n-3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (2001): 603-611.
20. Wood JT., et al. “Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters select physiological endocannabinoid-systemme tabolitesin brain and plasma”. Journal of Lipid Research 51 (2010): 1416-1423.
21. Qamr Z., et al. “Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor grow than metastasis of breast cancer”. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 8 (2009): 3117-3129.
22. Balvers MG., et al. “Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are converted by 3T3- L1adipocytestoN- acylethanolamines with anti-inflammatory properties”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1801 (2010): 1107-1114.
23. Chang CT., et al. “EPA derived isoprostanes: production and discovery of two major isoprostanes”. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 18 (2008): 5523- 5527.
24. Nitsche M., et al. “The combined Effect of Fludarabine Monophosphate and Radiation on Squamous Carcinoma Tumor Cell defenses in vitro”. International Journal of Radiation Biology 84 (2008): 643-657.
25. Macchia A., et al. “The rationale and design of the FOR omega ARD Trial: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, independent study to clarify the efficacy of n-3 PUFA for maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in the Individual with previous a trial fibrillation”. American Heart Journal 157 (2010): 423-427.
26. Aben A and Danckaerts M. “Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD”. Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie 52.2 (2010): 89-97.
27. Bahadori B., et al. “omega-3 Fatty acids infusions as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis”. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (JPEN) 34.2 (2010): 151-155.
28. Wood JT., et al. “Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters select physiological endocannabinoid-system metabolites in brain and plasma”. Journal of Lipid Research 51 (2010): 1416-1423.
29. Lee JH., et al. “Omega-3 fatty acids: cardiovascular benefits, sources and sustainability”. Nature Review on Cardiology 6.12 (2009): 753-758.
30. Musa-Veloso K., et al. “Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid dose-dependently reduce fasting serum triglycerides”. Nutrition Review 68.3 (2010): 155-167.
31. Koletzko B., et al. “Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in children - a workshop report”. British Journal of Nutrition 103.6 (2010): 923-928.
32. Joensen AM., et al. “Dietary intake of total marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary syndrome - a cohort study”. British Journal of Nutrition 103.4 (2010): 602-607.
33. Heird WC. “Do you need a supplement of docosahexaenoic acid or an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid?” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91.4 (2010): 827-828.
34. Manson JE., et al. “The VITamin D and OmegA-3 Trial (VITAL): Rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease”. Contemporary Clinical Trials 33 (2012): 161-167.
35. Trappmann J and Hawk SN. “The Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids and Bexarotene on Breast Cancer Cell Progression”. Journal of Cancer Therapy 2 (2011): 710-714.
36. Wu M., et al. “Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuate breast cancer growth through activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase- mediated pathway”. International Journal of Cancer 117 (2011): 340-348.
37. Brown I., et al. “Omega-3 N-acylethanolamines are Endogenously Synthesized from Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Different Human Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Lines”. Prostaglandin Leukotrines and Essential Fatty Acids 86.5 (2011): 306-309
38. Harris RP. “Omega 3 fatty acids”. New York: Novinka Books (2012).
39. Erickson KL and Hubbard NE. “Fatty acids and breast cancer: the role of stem cells”. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 82 (2010): 237-241.
40. Patterson RE., et al. “Marine fatty acid intake is associated with breast cancer prognosis”. The Journal of Nutrition 141.2 (2011): 201-206.

Citation

Citation: Eshrag Baothman. “The Efficacy and Safety of Using Omega-3 Fatty Acid to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer”. Acta Scientific Biotechnology 1.9 (2020): 00-00.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Eshrag Baothman. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.