Anil Pokhrel¹* and Bhakta Niure²

¹Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
²Senior Veterinary Officer, Animal Quarantine Office, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal

*Corresponding Author: Ruchi Sharma, International Institute of Veterinary and Education Research, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.

Received: April 11, 2024Published: June 04, 2024

Abstract

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a common issue in Nepal, posing risks to livestock, leading to frequent outbreaks and economic loss. The disease spreads through various secretions of infected animals, and factors like livestock movement within the country and across borders contribute to its prevalence. Poor nutrition and herd management practices further increase the risk. The current inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine poses challenges in terms of logistics and cost. In this research, we processed and tested the serum of vaccinated cattle from Siyari Rural Municipality for FMD antibodies. We used the Anigen Rapid FMD NSD Ab test kit to detect FMD NSD antibodies and the FMDV NS Ab ELISA to detect FMD SD antibodies. The results showed that none of the tested cattle (0/80) had FMD NSD antibodies, indicating no natural infection. However, 30% of the population (24/80) tested positive for FMD SD antibodies, revealing that only a portion of the cattle developed detectable antibodies after FMD vaccination. For FMD vaccination to be effective, 80% of the population must be immune to the illness. The findings suggest that the current immunization program against FMD in Siyari Rural Municipality is not achieving the desired level of immunity, as only 30% of the cattle population exhibited detectable antibody titers post-vaccination. This insight highlights the need for reevaluation and improvement of the FMD immunization strategy in the municipality.

Keywords: Cattle; Vaccination; Immunity; Antibody; FMD.

References

1. NJ Knowles and AR Samuel. “Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus”. Virus Research 1 (2003): 65-80.
2. G Adhikari., et al. “Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence”. Veterinary Medicine and Science 4 (2018): 304-314.
3. S Alexandersen., et al. “The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease”. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1 (2003): 1-36.
4. Chakrabarti A. “A text book of Preventive Veterinar... - Google Scholar.” (2003).
5. “Foot-and-mouth disease”. Clinical microbiology reviews 17 (2 - Google Scholar.” (2003).
6. P Sutmoller and GE Cottral. “Improved techniques for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in carrier cattle”. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch2 (1967): 170-177.
7. J McVicar., et al. “Of foot-and-mouth disease carriers. II. The carrier status of cattle exposed to foot-and-mouth disease following vaccination with an oil adjuvant inactivated virus vaccine” (2023).
8. E Anderson., et al. “The effect of repeated vaccination in an enzootic foot-and-mouth disease area on theincidence of virus carrier cattle”. orgEC Anderson, WJ Doughty, J Anderson Epidemiology and Infection 73 (1974): 229.
9. Tenzin A Dekker., et al. “Rate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Transmission by Carriers Quantified from Experimental Data”. Risk Analysis2 (2008): 303-309.
10. S Alexandersen., et al. “The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease”. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1 (2003): 1-36.
11. TR Doel., et al. “Emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease: Rate of development of immunity and its implications for the carrier state”. Vaccine7 (1994): 592-600.
12. NP Ferris., et al. “A review of foot and mouth disease in Nepal”. Revue Scientifique Et Technique 3 (1992): 685-698.
13. LL Rodriguez and CG Gay, “Development of vaccines toward the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease”. Expert Review of Vaccines 3 (2011): 377-387.
14. S Parida. “Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness”. 8.3 (2014): 347-365.
15. JF Valarcher and I Bergmann. “Selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains-A review”. Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever View project I am mainly working on BRSV epidemiology, vaccine and pathogenesis, FMDV persistence and characterization of emerging viruses in cattle View project” (2006).
16. DJ Paton., et al. “Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences1530 (2009): 2657-2667.
17. JM Pacheco., et al. “Rapid protection of cattle from direct challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by a single inoculation with an adenovirus-vectored FMDV subunit vaccine”. Virology2 (2005): 205-209.
18. LL Rodriguez and MJ Grubman. “Foot and mouth disease virus vaccines”. Vaccine4 (2009): D90-D94.
19. MJ Grubman. “Development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: Marker vaccines and antivirals”. Biologicals4 (2005): 227-234.
20. DL Robinson and T Knight-Jones. “Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis 2014 Compiled and written by (2023).
21. MJ Grubman and B Baxt. “Foot-and-Mouth Disease”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2 (2004): 465-493.
22. M Tesar., et al. “Serological probes for some foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural proteins”. Virus Genes1 (1989): 29-44.
23. H Berger., et al. “Vaccine, and undefined 1990, “Identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vaccinated cattle by antibodies to non-structural virus proteins”. Elsevier (2023).
24. F Diaz-San Segundo., et al. “Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines”. Veterinary Microbiology 206 (2017): 102-112.
25. KE Brehm., et al. “High potency vaccines induce protection against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus”. Vaccine13 (2008): 1681-1687.
26. SB Nagendrakumar., et al. “Evaluation of cross-protection between O1 Manisa and O1 Campos in cattle vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine incorporating different payloads of inactivated O1 Manisa antigen”. Vaccine10 (2011): 1906-1912.
27. SJ Barteling and J Vreeswijk. “Developments in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines”. Vaccine2 (1991): 75-88.
28. S Parida. “Improving the duration of immunity for FMD vaccines”.
29. T Sitt., et al. “Duration of protection and humoral immunity induced by an adenovirus-vectored subunit vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Holstein steers”. Vaccine42 (2019): 6221-6231.
30. B Robiolo., et al. “Analysis of the immune response to FMDV structural and non-structural proteins in cattle in Argentina by the combined use of liquid phase and 3ABC-ELISA tests”. Vaccine7 (2006): 997-1008.
31. T Sitt., et al. “Duration of protection and humoral immunity induced by an adenovirus-vectored subunit vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Holstein steers”. Vaccine42 (2019): 6221-6231.
32. “Foot and Mouth Disease vaccination and post-vaccination monitoring” (2018).
33. JA Lee., et al. “Dietary germanium biotite supplementation enhances the induction of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs”. Journal of Veterinary Science3 (2014): 443-447.
34. GK Sharma., et al. “Herd Immunity Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Under Different Vaccination Practices in India”. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 4 (2017): 1133-1147.
35. EA León., et al. “Effectiveness of systematic foot and mouth disease mass vaccination campaigns in Argentina”. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique3 (2014): 917-926.
36. TR Doel. “Optimisation of the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines”. Vaccine13-14 (1991): 1767-1771.
37. TR Doel. “Natural and vaccine-induced immunity to foot and mouth disease: the prospects for improved vaccines”. Revue Scientifique et Technique 3 (1996): 883-911.
38. SJ Barteling and J Vreeswijk. “Developments in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines”. Vaccine2 (1991): 75-88.
39. E El-Sayed., et al. “Studies on the duration of immunity induced in cattle after natural FMD infection and post vaccination with bivalent oil vaccine” (2021).
40. EC Anderson., et al. “Immune Response of Pigs to Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines: Response to DEAE-Dcxtran and Saponin Adjuvanted Vaccines”. Research in Veterinary Science4 (1971): 351-357.
41. JA Lee., et al. “Dietary germanium biotite supplementation enhances the induction of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs”. Journal of Veterinary Science3 (2017): 443-447.
42. S CABEZAS., et al. “Vaccination Success and Body Condition in the European Wild Rabbit: Applications for Conservation Strategies” 70.4 (2006): 1125-1131.

Citation

Citation: Anil Pokhrel and Bhakta Niure. “Cattle Immune Response to the Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Siyari Rural Municipality Rupandehi".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 6.7 (2024): 03-09.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Anil Pokhrel and Bhakta Niure. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.