Narendra Kumar Gonepudi¹*, Srinivasa Rao Tumati¹ and Sai Vinay Boddu²

¹Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, A.P, India
¹Department of Veterinary Extension Education, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, UP- India

*Corresponding Author: Narendra Kumar Gonepudi, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, A.P, India.

Received: August 23, 2023 Published: October 27, 2023

Abstract

Among the major drivers of pandemic, climate change is the one which is terrorizing the globe by unleashing it’s potential and shaking up the entire world by rewriting disease algorithms on the planet, which may pose serious health threat to animals & human beings. Changes in the mean climatic variables can affect health of people via changes in biological and ecological process that influence transmission of zoonotic diseases. Vector borne zoonotic diseases are markedly affected by climate variability when compared to non vector borne zoonotic diseases, because in the Vector borne zoonotic diseases, vector’s biology is inextricably interlinked with the climatic factors such as precipitation, temperature and humidity. There is an evidence of anomalous weather Phenomena like El nino which are associated with heavy rainfall causing outbreaks of Rift valley fever, Cholera, Malaria etc. throughout the world and La nina is implicated in epidemics of Dengue, Yellow fever and Chikungunya etc. All these determinants along with anthropogenic and socio-economic factors are congregated to make the spread of zoonotic diseases like West Nile fever, Murray valley encephalitis and Lyme disease even worse than before, which is gaining concern throughout the world. However, the effects of climate change are anticipated to be worse for the underdeveloped and developing countries where challenging socio economic and political environments are escalated by lack of epidemiological studies on zoonoses.

Keywords: Climate Change; El Nino, La Nina; Vector Borne Zoonoses; Food Borne Zoonoses; Waterborne Zoonoses; Airborne Zoonoses

References

1. Achiorno Cecilia L and Sergio R Martorelli. "Effect of temperature changes on the cercarial-shedding rate of two trematodes”. Série Zoologia106 (2016).
2. Ali Sultan and Abdullah F Alsayeqh. "Review of major meat-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens”. Frontiers in Public Health10 (2022).
3. Atherholt Thomas B., et al. "Effect of rainfall on Giardia and Crypto”. Journal‐American Water Works Association9 (1998): 66-80.
4. Boucher Yan., et al. "The out-of-the-delta hypothesis: dense human populations in low-lying river deltas served as agents for the evolution of a deadly pathogen”. Frontiers in Microbiology6 (2015): 1120.
5. , et al. "Overview of opportunistic fungal infections in India”. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi49.3 (2008): 165-172.
6. Christaki Eirini., et al. "The impact of climate change on Cholera: A review on the global status and future challenges”. Atmosphere5 (2020): 449.
7. Chugh TD. "Emerging and re-emerging bacterial diseases in India”. Journal of Biosciences4 (2008).
8. Dhiman Ramesh C and Soma Sarkar. "El Niño Southern Oscillation as an early warning tool for malaria outbreaks in India”. Malaria Journal1 (2017): 1-7.
9. Greer Amy., et al. "Climate change and infectious diseases in North America: the road ahead”. CMAJ6 (2008): 715-722.
10. Kovats R Sari., et al. "El Niño and health”. The Lancet9394 (2003): 1481-1489.
11. Moriyama Miyu., et al. "Seasonality of respiratory viral infections”. Annual Review of Virology7 (2020): 83-101.
12. National Research Council. "Linkages between climate, ecosystems, and infectious disease”. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease, National Research Council, Ed. (National Academies Press, 2001) (2001): 20-44.
13. Nichols, Gordon., et al. "Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales”. Journal of Water and Health1 (2009): 1-8.
14. Oerther, Sandra., et al. "Phlebotomine sand flies in Southwest Germany: an update with records in new locations”. Parasites and Vectors1 (2020): 1-8.
15. Ogden, Nick H., and L. Robbin Lindsay. "Effects of climate and climate change on vectors and vector-borne diseases: ticks are different”. Trends in Parasitology8 (2016): 646-656.
16. Ohtomo Hiroshi and Nobuaki Akao. "Effect of global warming on infectious diseases”. Nihon rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine65 (2007): 653-658.
17. Randolph SE. "Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors”. ParasitologyS1 (2004): S37-S65.
18. Rocklöv, Joacim and Robert Dubrow. "Climate change: an enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control”. Nature immunology5 (2020): 479-483.
19. Rupasinghe Ruwini., et al. "Climate change and zoonoses: A review of the current status, knowledge gaps, and future trends”. Acta Tropica226 (2022): 106225.
20. Singh BB., et al. "Climate change, zoonoses and India”. Revue Scientifique et Technique-OIE3 (2011): 779.
21. Thomas Stephen J., et al. "Flaviviruses: yellow fever, Japanese B, West Nile, and others”. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (2014): 383-415.
22. Chakraborty S., et al. "Historical expansion of Kyasanur forest disease in India from 1957 to 2017: a retrospective analysis”. GeoHealth 3.2 (2019): 44-55.

Citation

Citation: Narendra Kumar Gonepudi., et al. “Impact of Climatic Variables on Zoonoses with Special Reference to Vector Borne Zoonoses".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.11 (2023): 59-62.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Narendra Kumar Gonepudi., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.