N Sai Hemachand¹, V Sai Bharath¹, J Phanindra¹ and Harikrishnaa Athota²

¹Internee, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, C. V. Sc, Proddatur, India
²Senior Graduate student assistant (Animal science), Texas tech university, lubbock, Texas, USA

*Corresponding Author: N Sai Hemachand, Senior Graduate student assistant (Animal science), Texas tech university, lubbock, Texas, USA.

Received: June 27, 2023; Published: July 25, 2023

Abstract

Through migrations, deliberate selection, and adaptability, the process of domestication resulted in the establishment of numerous cattle breeds. With a focus on small ruminants in particular, this paper compiles the information that is currently available on the genetic components of adaptation in key livestock species. The study covers a variety of facets of livestock's adaptation to humans, such as how domestication affects predator aversion, how cattle adjusts to hard environments, and genetic evidence of illness tolerance or resistance. It is essential to carry out demographic characterization, record production conditions, and put in place efficient data management procedures in order to guarantee the preservation of these priceless genetic resources. Additionally, molecular genetic research enables the comparison of genetic variation within and between breeds as well as the reconstruction of breed history and ancestral populations. It is noteworthy that the study also addresses bacterial infections and intestinal parasites.

Keywords:Domestication; Farm Animal Genetic Resources; Genetic Diversity; Adaptation; Disease Resistance

References

1. Albers GAA., et al. “The genetics of resistance and resilience to contortus in young Merino sheep”. International Journal for Parasitology 17 (1987): 1355-1363.
2. Asegede G. “Studies on the ecology of helminth parasites in naturally infected indigenous sheep in Awassa, southern Ethiopia”. Giessen University, Germany, Centre of Tropical Sciences and Parasitology, PhD Thesis (1990).
3. Baker RL and Rege JEO. “Genetic resistance to diseases and other stresses in improvement of ruminant livestock in the tropics”. Proc. 5^th WCGALP 20 (1994): 405-412.
4. Baker RL. “Genetics of disease resistance in small ruminants in Africa”. In: Gray, G.D., Woolaston, R.R., Eaton, B.T., (eds.), Breeding for resistance to infectious diseases of small ruminants. Canberra, ACIAR Monograph No 34 (1995): 120-138.
5. Baker RL., et al. “Resistance of Borana and Small East African goats in the sub-humid tropics to gastrointestinal nematode infections and the peri-parturient rise in fecal eggcounts”. Veterinary Parasitology 79 (1998): 53-64.
6. Baker RL and Gray GD. “Appropriate breeds and breeding schemes for sheep and goats in the tropics”. In: Sani, R.A., Gray, G.D., Baker, R.L. (eds.). Worm Control for Small Ruminants in Tropical Asia, Canberra, ACIAR Monograph No 113 (2004): 63-96.
7. Barker JSF. “Defining fitness in natural and domesticated population. In Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations”. Evolutionary and Breeding Perspectives on Genetic Resource Management (van der Werf, J.H.J., Graser, H.-U., Frankham, R., Gondoro, C., eds.), Springer, The Netherlands (2009).
8. Bhat PN. Sheep. In: Payne, W.J.A.; Wilson, T. (eds), “An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics, 5^th Blackwell Science Ltd, UK (1999).
9. Bishop SC., et al. “Genetic parameters for faecal egg count following mixed, natural predominantly Ostertagia circumcincta infection and relationships with live weight in young lambs”. Animal Science Journal 63 (1996): 423- 428.
10. Bishop SC., et al. “Genetic parameters for resistance to nematode infections in Texel lambs”. Animal Science 78 (2004): 185-194.
11. Bishop SC and Morris CA. “Genetics of disease resistance in sheep and goats”. Small Ruminant Research 70 (2007): 48-59.
12. Boissy A., et al. “Genetics of fear in ruminant livestock”. Livestock Production Science 93 (2005): 23-32.
13. Beilharz RG., et al. “Quantitative genetics and evolution: Is our understanding of genetics sufficient to explain evolution?” Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 110 (1993): 161-170.
14. Devendra C. “Goats. In: Johnson, H.D., (ed.), World Animal Science B5. Disciplinary approach, bioclimatology and adaptation of livestock, Amsterdam, Elsevier (1987): 157-168.
15. Ermias E., et al. “Fat deposition in tropical sheep as adaptive attribute to periodic feed fluctuation”. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 119 (2002): 235-246.
16. Hill WG and Zhang XS. “Maintaining genetic variation in fitness”. In Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations. Evolutionary and Breeding Perspectives on Genetic Resource Management (van der Werf, J.H.J., Graser, H.-U., Frankham, R., Gondoro, C., eds.), Springer, The Netherlands (2009).
17. Fitzhugh HA and Bradford GE. “Productivity of hair sheep and opportunities for improvement”. In: Fitzhugh, H.A., Bradford, G.E. (ed.), Hair Sheep of Western Africa and the Americas - a genetic resource for the tropics. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press (1983): 23-52.
18. Farid A. “Slaughter and carcass characteristics of three fat-tailed sheep breeds and their crosses with Corriedale and Targhee rams”. Small Ruminant Research3 (1991): 255-271.
19. Goddard ME. “Fitness traits in animal breeding programs”. In Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations. Evolutionary and Breeding Perspectives on Genetic Resource Management (van der Werf JHJ., et al. “Springer, The Netherlands (2009).
20. Ghalsasi PM., et al. “Garole-prolific micro sheep of West Bengal, India. Proc. 5^th WCGALP 20 (1994): 456-459.
21. Gillespie JR. “Modern Livestock and Poultry Production”. 5^th Delmar Publisher, USA (1997).
22. Haile A., et al. “Effects of breed and dietary protein supplementation on the responses to gastro-intestinal nematode infections in Ethiopian sheep”. Small Ruminant Research 44 (2002): 247-261.
23. Hale EB. “Domestication and the evolution of behavior”. In: Hafez, E.S.E. (Ed.), The Behavior of Domestic Animals. Bailliere, Tindall and Cassell, London (1969): 22-42.
24. Kempster AJ. “Fat partition and distribution in the carcasses of cattle, sheep and pigs. A review”. Meat Science 24 (1980): 83-98.
25. Khan MS., et al. “Water economy of the Barmer goat of the Rajasthan desert”. Journal of Arid Environments 1 (1979a): 351-355.
26. Khan MS., et al. “Water regulation in the Barmer goat of the Rajasthan desert”. Experientia 3 (1979b): 1185.
27. Khan MS., et al. “Glomerular filtration rate and blood and urinary urea concentrations in Barmers goats of the Rajasthan desert”. The Journal of Agricultural Science (Camb.) 93 (1979c): 247-248.
28. Knap PW and Bishop SC. “Relations between genetic change and infectious disease in domestic livestock. Pages 65-80 in Occas. Pub. Br. Soc. Anim. Sci. No. 27. BSAS, Edinburgh, Scotland (2000).
29. Marai IFM., et al. “Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep: a review”. Small Ruminant Research 71 (2007): 1-12.
30. Marshall K., et al. “Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep”. Animal Genetics 40 (2009): 262-272.
31. Mignon-Grasteau S., et al. “Genetics of adaptation and domestication in livestock”. Livestock Production Science 93 (2005): 3-14.
32. Morris CA., et al. “Responses of Romney sheep to selection for resistance or susceptibility to nematode infection”. Animal Science Journal 64 (1997a): 319-329.
33. Morris CA., et al. “Continued selection of Romney sheep for resistance or susceptibility to nematode infection: estimates of direct and correlated responses”. Animal Science Journal 70 (2000): 17-27.
34. National Research Council (NRC). “Managing Global Genetic Resources”. Livestock. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press (1993).
35. Nigussie E., et al. “Allometric growth coefficients and partitioning of fat deposits in indigenous Ethiopian Menz and Horro sheep breeds”. In: R.C. Merkel, G. Abebe and A.L. Goetsch (eds.). The opportunities and challenges of enhancing goat production in East Africa. Proc. Of a conference held at Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia from November 10-12, 2000. E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK (2000): 151-163.
36. Nimbkar C., et al. “Evaluation of growth rates and resistance to nematodes of Deccani and Bannur lambs and their crosses with Garole”. Animal Science Journal 76 (2003): 503-515.
37. Osaer S., et al. “Health and productivity of traditionally managed Djallonke sheep and West African Dwarf goats under high and moderate trypanosomiasis risk”. Veterinary Parasitology 82 (1999): 101-119.
38. Philipsson J and Lindhe B. “Experiences of including reproduction and health traits in Scandinavian dairy cattle breeding programs”. Livestock Production Science 83 (2003): 99-112.
39. Prayaga KC and Henshall JM. “Adaptability in tropical beef cattle: genetic parameters of growth, adaptive and temperament traits in a crossbred population”. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45 (2005): 971-983.
40. Pryce JE., et al. “Fertility in the highproducing dairy cow”. Livestock Production Science 86 (2004): 125-136.
41. Raadsma HW. “Genetic aspects of resistance to ovine footrot”. In: Axford, R.F.E., Bishop, S.C., Nicholas, F.W., Owen, J.B. (Eds.), Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals, 2^nd CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK (2000a): 214-219.
42. Raadsma HW., et al. “Disease resistance in Merino sheep. III. Genetic variation in resistance following challengeand subsequent vaccination with a homologous rDNA pilus vaccine”. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 111 (1994): 367-390.
43. Rege JEO., et al. “Effect of breed and season on production and response to infections with gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in sheep inthe highlands of Ethiopia”. Livestock Production Science 78 (2002): 159-174.
44. Samore AB., et al. “Relationship between somatic cell count and functional longevity assessed using survival analysis in Italian Holstein Friesian cows”. Livestock Production Science 80 (2003): 211-220.
45. Schmidt-Nielsen K. “Investigations on the physiology of the camel: Preliminary report (1955).
46. Silanikove N. “The struggle to maintain hydration and osmoregulation in animals experiencing severe dehydration and rapid rehydration: the story of ruminants”. Experimental Physiology 79 (1994): 281-300.
47. Schmidt-Nielsen B., et al. “Water balance of the camel”. American Journal of Physiology 185 (1956): 185-194.
48. Silanikove N. “The struggle to maintain hydration and osmoregulation in animals experiencing severe dehydration and rapid rehydration: the story of ruminants”. Experimental Physiology 79 (1994): 281-300.
49. Sölkner J., et al. “Total merit indices in dual purpose cattle. Proceedings of the 50^th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP), August 23-26, Zürich, Switzerland (1999).
50. Sölkner J., et al. “Analysis of determinants of the success and failure of village breeding programs. Proc. 6^th WCGALP 25 (1998): 273- 280.
51. Turner JW. “Genetic and biological aspects of Zebu adaptability”. Journal of Animal Science6 (1980): 1201-1205.
52. Tembely S., et al. “Breed and season effects on the peri-parturient rise in nematode egg output in indigenous ewes in a cool tropical environment”. Veterinary Parasitology 77 (1998): 123-132.
53. Veerkamp RF., et al. “Dairy cattle breeding objectives combining yield, survival and calving interval for pasturebased systems in Ireland under different milk quota scenarios”. Livestock Production Science 76 (2002): 137-151.
54. van der Waaij EH. “A resource allocation model describing consequences of artificial selection under metabolic stress”. Journal of Animal Science 82 (2004): 973-981.
55. Woolaston RR and Baker RL. “Prospects of breeding small ruminants for resistance to internal parasites”. International Journal for Parasitology 8/9 (2004): 845-855.
56. Willam A., et al. “Optimization of progeny testing schemes when functional traits play an important role in the total merit index”. Livestock Production Science 77 (2002): 217-225.
57. Weigel KA. “Prospects for improving reproductive performance through genetic selection”. Animal Reproduction Science 96 (2006): 323-330.
58. Young BA., et al. “Physiological adaptation to the environment”. Journal of Animal Science 67 (1989): 2426-2432.
59. Silanikove N. “The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments: a review”. Small Ruminant Research 35 (2000): 181-193.

Citation

Citation: N Sai Hemachand., et al. “Exploring Adaptive Genetic Traits in Domestic Farm Animals: A Comprehensive Review".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.8 (2023): 64-74.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 N Sai Hemachand., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.