Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences (ISSN: 2582-3183)

E-Book Volume 5 Issue 8

An Overview of Surrogacy Technology

Amrita Mohanty* and Gowhar Iqbal

Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Fish Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

*Corresponding Author: Amrita Mohanty, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Fish Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Received: June 20, 2023; Published: July 17, 2023

Abstract

Surrogacy is the practice involving assisted reproductive technology ("ART") presenting important ethical and legal concerns, notably in the realm of a third-party parenting. However, its journey to reality remains riddled with legal as well as moral quandaries. While the Surrogacy Act of 2021, which went into force, seeks to deconstruct the different legal complexities involved as well as to provide guidance. Considering the socioeconomic norms that govern the real circumstance at ground zero. Surrogacy may either be commercial or altruistic, depending on whether a surrogate is compensated financially during her pregnancy. This approach is becoming more widespread; estimated that over 30,000 patients obtain donor eggs each year to support their families. Surrogacy cycles have become easier for assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics with better embryology laboratory and freezing facility, as a result of the development of efficient vitrification methods. The primary risk of surrogacy is obstetric complications, with multiple order pregnancies usually more prevalent. Although American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology committees make several recommendations for single embryo transfer, barely 15%-20% of clinics adhere to single embryo transfer criteria. Over the future decades, humans may witness the first offspring produced with synthetic eggs and sperm and "born" by ectogenesis (artificial womb technology). In summary, surrogacy laws and regulations are evolving both in India and globally, efforts are being made to regulate and restrict commercial surrogacy, prioritizing the needs of infertile couples and safeguarding against exploitation and unethical practices in the surrogacy industry.

Keywords:Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART); Surrogacy; Ectogenesis; Womb

References

  1. Shenfield F., et al. “ESHRE Task Force on ethics and law 10: Surrogacy”. Human Reproduction 20 (2005): 2705-2707.
  2. Patel NH., et al. “Insight into different aspects of surrogacy practices”. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences3 (2018): 212.
  3. Notification on Surrogacy (Circular No.: 462). Ministry of Home Affairs (Foreign Division), India (2015).
  4. Delhi N. “Ministry of Health and family welfare”. Government of India (2021): 7-30.
  5. Singh R. “Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021: A Constitutionally Passed Social Boon or Bane to the Process of Constitutionality Itself?” Jus Corpus Law Journal 3 (2022): 120.
  6. Narayan G., et al. “The Surrogacy Regulation Act of 2021: A Right Step Towards an Egalitarian and Inclusive Society?” Cureus4 (2023).
  7. Kalantry S. “Should Compensated Surrogacy Be Permitted or Prohibited?” Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper (2012): 17-41.
  8. Hibino Y. “Ongoing Commercialization of Gestational Surrogacy due to Globalization of the Reproductive Market before and after the Pandemic”. Asian Bioethics Review4 (2022): 349-361.
  9. Postgate JN. “Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History, London”. Search in (1992).
  10. Medical Council of Thailand. Announcement No. 21/2545 on the standards of services involving reproduction technology (2002).
  11. Whittaker Andrea. “Circumvention, crisis and confusion: Australians crossing borders to Thailand for international surrogacy”. In assisted reproductive technologies in the global south and north: issues, challenges and the future, ed. Virginie Rozée and Sayeed Unisa 113-127. London: Routledge (2016a).
  12. Lindenman E., et al. “Müllerian agenesis: an update”. Obstetrics and Gynecology2 (1997): 307-312.
  13. Aflatoonian N., et al. “Surrogacy as a good option for treatment of repeated implantation failure: a case series”. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine IJRM 1 (2013): 77-80.
  14. Draft Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Indian Council of Medical Research (2014). 
  15. Ber R. “Ethical issues in gestational surrogacy”. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics21 (2000): 153-169.
  16. Van Zyl Liezl and Ruth Walker. “Beyond altruistic and commercial contract motherhood: The professional model”. Bioethics7 (2013): 373-381.
  17. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Repetitive oocyte donation: a committee opinion”. Fertility and Sterility4 (2014): 964-966.
  18. Apel SB. “Access to assisted reproductive technologies”. Michigan State University L 12 (2020): 33.
  19. Namberger V. “The reproductive body at work: The South African bioeconomy of egg donation”. Routledge (2019).
  20. Maheshwari A., et al. “Global variations in the uptake of single embryo transfer”. Human Reproduction Update1 (2011): 107-120.
  21. Jadva V., et al. “Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers”. Human Reproduction10 (2023): 2196-2204.
  22. Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church, Rev. ed. London: Geoffrey Chapman (1999): 2376.
  23. Inhorn MC and Patrizio P. “Rethinking reproductive “tourism” as reproductive “exile”. Fertility and Sterility 92 (2009): 904-906.
  24. Hughes EG and DeJean D. “Cross-border fertility services in North America: a survey of Canadian and American providers”. Fertility and Sterility1 (2010): 16-e19.
  25. Birenbaum-Carmeli D and Montebruno P. “Incidence of surrogacy in the USA and Israel and implications on women’s health: a quantitative comparison”. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 36 (2019): 2459-2469.
  26. Jadva V., et al. “Surrogacy families 10 years on: relationship with the surrogate, decisions over disclosure and children's understanding of their surrogacy origins”. Human Reproduction10 (2012): 3008-3014.
  27. Bhalla N and Thapliyal M. “India Seeks to Regulate its Booming Surrogacy Industry”. Medscape Reuters Health News (2013).
  28. González NI. “Legal and ethical issues in cross-border gestational surrogacy”. Fertility and Sterility 5 (2020): 916-919.
  29. Jadva V., et al. “Cross-border and domestic surrogacy in the UK context: an exploration of practical and legal decision-making”. Human Fertility2 (2021): 93-104.
  30. Aramesh K. “Iran’s experience with surrogate motherhood: An Islamic view and ethical concerns”. Journal of Medical Ethics 35 (2009): 320‑322.

Citation

Citation: Amrita Mohanty and Gowhar Iqbal. “An Overview of Surrogacy Technology".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.8 (2023): 36-41.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Amrita Mohanty and Gowhar Iqbal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate35%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.008

Indexed In





News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is July 30, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US