Tmumen SK¹*, Rasedee A² and Bashir A³

¹Department of Surgery and Theiogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti of Tripoli, Libya
²Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
³Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding Author: Tmumen SK, Department of Surgery and Theiogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti of Tripoli, Libya.

Received: January 31, 2023; Published: March 04, 2023

Abstract

Tendon injury is one of the most common causes of wastage in the performance horse; the majority of tendon injuries occur to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and suspensory Ligament of the forelimbs The selected structure of this sample is the deep digital tendon (DDFT) which measured to the mid-metacarpal region of the forelimb, out of a count population by thirty adult horses examined using Image analysis microscopy (IAM) sex distribution was not Included Into account but ages including. A change in its structural organization due to aging following tendon degeneration was unknown. The tendon structure under (IAM) showed a dense regular connective tissue arrangement that reflects the mechanical requirement of this tissue. It is defined by thick regular bundles of longitudinal collagen fibres arranged in a zig-zag conformation. All tendons examined from these horses had no history of deep digital flexure tendinitis and were all macroscopically normal. In conclusion, the study showed that the normal structure of equine DDFT can be clearly assessed using Novel technique of Image Laser analysis Microscopy.

Keywords: Horses; DDFT; Degeneration; IAM; Tendon

References

1. Adams O.R. “Lameness in horses”. 3^rd Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger (1974): 247-249.
2. Asheim A. “Surgical treatment of tendon injuries in horse”. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 145 (1964): 447-451.
3. Asvazadurian AO and Marini C. “Modification regressive of tendonitis in rapporto all’ela. China”. Orthopedic 13 (1961): 238- 243
4. Bailey AJ. “Collagen changes in Dupuytrens disease. In: Dupuytrens Disease. Churchhill Livingstone, London (1990): 58-71.
5. Buckwalter JA., et al. “Soft-tissue aging and musculoskeletal function”. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 75 (1993): 1533-1548.
6. Butcher MT., et al. “Superficial digital flexor tendon lesions in racehorses as a sequela to muscle fatigue: a preliminary study”. Equine Veterinary Journal 39 (2007): 540-545.
7. Crevier-Denoix N., et al. “Effects of heel and toe elevation upon the digital joint angles in the standing horse”. Equine Veterinary Journal 33 (2001): 74-78.
8. Dowlin Bag and AJ Dart. Equine Veterinary Journal 32 (2000): 369-378.
9. Dyson SJ. “Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: a comparative study in 219 horses (1992-2000)”. Equine Veterinary Journal 36 (2004): 415-419.
10. Ely ER., et al. “Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training”. Equine Veterinary Journal 41 (2009): 372-378.
11. Ely ER., et al. “Fractures and tendon injuries in National Hunt horses in training in the UK: a pilot study”. Equine Veterinary Journal 36 (2004): 365-367.
12. Estberg L., et al. “Cumulative racing-speed exercise distance cluster as a risk factor for fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in California”. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 24 (1995): 253-263.
13. Flegier SL., et al. “Scanning and transmission electron microscopy: An introduction, W.H. Freeman and Company. New York (1993).
14. Goodrich LR. “Tendon and ligament injuries and disease. In: Baxter GM, editor. Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses, Sixth Edition. Wiley-Blackwell (2011): 927-938
15. Hayat MA. “Principles and techniques of electron microscopy”. Biological Application. Von Nostrard Reinhold (1970).
16. Kasashima Y., et al. “Prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in Japanese Thoroughbred flat racehorses in 1999”. Equine Veterinary Journal 36 (1999): 346-350.
17. Kovac M. “Orthopedic diseases of horses- modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. In 2^nd Ed., Volcova E. Royal Publishing House, Moscow, Russian Federation (2013): 635.
18. Lam KKH., et al. “Evaluation of detailed training data to identify risk factors for retirement because of tendon injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 68 (2007): 1188-1197.
19. Miels CA., et al. “Differential scanning calorimetry studies of superficial digital flexor tendon degeneration in the horses”. Equine Veterinary Journal 26 (1994): 291-296.
20. Mohammed HO., et al. “The risk of severity of limb injuries in racing thoroughbred horses”. Cornell Veterinary 82 (1992): 331-341.
21. Murray RC., et al. “Association of type of sport and performance level with manatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis”. Equine Veterinary Journal 36 (2006): 411-416.
22. Nixon AJ. “Suspensory Desmitis in current practice of equine surgery. White N.A. and Moore Lippincott (Eds). J.B. Company, Philadelphia (1990): 448-451.
23. Perkins NR., et al. “Risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon and suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand”. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53 (2005): 184-192.
24. Reid N and Besley JE. “Sectioning and cryosectioning electron microscopy in: Practical methods in Electron Microscopy 13 (1991).
25. Reardon RJM., et al. “Risk factors for superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in Thoroughbred racehorses in hurdle starts in the UK (2001-2009)”. Equine Veterinary Journal 44 (2012): 564-569.
26. Singer ER., et al. “Injuries in the event horse: training versus competition”. Veterinary Journal 175 (2008): 76-81.
27. Smith RKW and CW Mcllwraith. Equine Veterinary Journal. 44 (2012) 2-6.
28. Smith R., et al. “Advances in the understanding of tendinopathies: a report on the Second Havemeyer Workshop on equine tendon disease”. Equine Veterinary Journal 1 (2014): 4-9.
29. Stromberg B. “The normal and diseased superficial digital flexor tendon in racehorses. A morphological and physiologic investigation”. Acta Radiological (Supplement) 305 (1971): 1-94.
30. Wilson AM and Goodship AE. “Exercise-induced hyperthermia as a possible mechanism for tendon degeneration”. Journal of Biomechanics 27 (1994): 899-905.
31. Wilson AM., et al. “Horses damp the spring in their step”. Nature 414: 895-899.
32. Vailas AC., et al. “Physical activity and hypophysectomy on the aerobic capacity of ligaments and tendons”. Journal of Applied Physiology 4 (1978): 542-546.

Citation

Citation: Tmumen SK., et al. “Structural Appearance of Degenerative Changes in Deep Digital Flexor Horse Tendon using Image Analysis Microscopy". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.4 (2023): 03-06.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Tmumen SK., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.