Bot Yakubu Sunday¹*, Vidya Sankarapandian¹, Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu¹, Anslem Ajugwo¹, Patricia Oluchi Okezie², Nwanjo Harrison U³, Nwosu Dennis C³ and Bot David Yakubu⁴

¹ Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda
²Department of Chemical Pathology, Federal College of Veterinary and Medical Laboratory Technology, Vom Plateau State, Nigeria
³Department of Chemical Pathology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
⁴Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: Bot Yakubu Sunday, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda.

Received: January 24, 2023; Published: February 24, 2023

Abstract

Goskolo (GSK) is a newly introduced local alcoholic drink on the Plateau with several negative impacts among the youths. Currently, there is paucity of scientific information on the content of GSK and the identity of its content remains unknown to the public. This study is aimed at investigating the Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, (Chromatographic profiling) of GSK, and its Biochemical, Hematological and Histological effects in adult male Wister Albino rats. Four (4) brands of commercially produced GSK beverages tagged Dark Rum “DR”, Alomo Bitters “AB”, Swagga Schnnaps “SS” and Swagga Dry Din “SDG” were procured from retail stops (Local suppliers). Sample was analyzed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Fifty (50) adult male Wister Albino rats were randomly divided into groups of ten (10) rats each. Animals were sacrificed by Chloroform inhalation at the end of thirty days. Necroscopy was performed on all the animals. Blood samples were also collected and serum levels of Glucose, Total bilirubin (TB), Alanine Transaminase (AST), Total Protein (TP), Albumin (Alb), Gammaglutamyl Transferase (GGT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Malondialdehyde (MDA),White Blood Cells (WBC’s), Red Blood Cells (RBC’s), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Platelets (Plt), Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) were all analysed using standard methods. The biochemical parameters revealed marked increased levels of ALT, AST, GGT, and MDA. Particularly among treated animals in groups 4 and 5 when compared to the control (Group 1). However, Creatinine values were significantly increased in group 2, 4 and 5 (581.18 ± 1.36μmol/L; 653.86 ± 0.59μmol/L; 560.99 ± 0.15μmol/L) as against the control (531.93 ± 0.9μmol/L). Conversely, serum levels of Albumin, Total protein and Glucose were reduced statistically (p < 0.05). The hematological variables also revealed significant difference in average values of RBC’s, PCV, MCH, MCHC, Hb, Neutrophils and Monocytes which were reduced in various groups. Significantly higher values of WBC (16.27 ± 0.09x109/L; 14.30 ± 0.06x109/L) and MCV (63.70 ± 0.42FL) were seen in animals treated with (“SS”) and (“SDG”) respectively.

Keywords: Wister Albino Rat; Alomo Bitters; Swagga Schnnaps; Swagga Dry Din; Biochemical; Hematological Parameters

References

1. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health; World Health Organization: Geneva (2014): 1-43.
2. Odejide OA. “Alcohol policies in Africa”. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies 5 (2006): 27-39.
3. Jernigan DH. “Global status report: Alcohol and young people”. Geneva: World Health Organization (2001).
4. Alcohol and public policy group. “Alcohol: no ordinary commodity- a summary of the second edition”. Addiction 105 (2010): 769-779.
5. Das SK., et al. “Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: an under recognizes cause with emerging importance”. Current Science 90 (2006): 659-665.
6. Ebirim IC and Morakinyo OM. “Prevalence and perceived health effect of alcohol use away make undergraduate students in Owerri, South - East Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study”. BMC Public Health (2011).
7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2000. Washington, DC (2000).
8. O’, et al. “Clinical Relevance of heavy drinking during the college year: cross sectional and prospective perspectives”. Psychology of Addictive Behavior 15 (2005): 350-359.
9. Bonomo Y., et al. “Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: a cohort study over seven years”. Addiction 99 (2004): 1520-1528.
10. Arata CM., et al. “High school drinking and its consequences”. Adolescence 38 (2003): 567-579.
11. Hewitt BG. “Alcoholism: Developmental patterns of drinking and prevention of alcohol use disorders”.in Tsuang, Mt., Stone, WS., and Lyons, MJ. (Eds.), Recognition and prevention of major mental and substance use disorders”. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc (1998): 297-316.
12. Lami Sadiq. “How Goskolo is turning Plateau Youth into slaves”. Online Daily Trust Newspaper (2017):
13. Jos Metropolitan Development Board. Jos greater master plan (2009): 11-15.
14. Ali AA. “Studies on fate and toxicity of nano Alumina in male albino rats”. PhD Thesis, Cairo Univer- sity, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Cairo, Egypt (2013).
15. Bhagwant S and Bhikajee M. “Induction of hypo- chromic macrocytic anaemia in Oreochromis hybrid (cichlidae) exposed to 100 mg/l (sublethal dose) of aluminium”. Science and Technology Research Journal 5 (2000): 9-20.
16. Aslinia F., et al. “Megaloblastic anemia and other causes of macrocytosis”. Clinical Medicine Research 4 (2006): 236-241.
17. Ahmed HH., et al. “Potential role of some nutraceuticals in the regression of Alzheimer’s disease in an experimental animal model”. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences3 (2011): 455-466.
18. Tolia C., et al. “Copper (II) interacting with the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug flufe- namic acid: Structure, antioxidant activity and binding to DNA and albumins”. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 123C (2013): 53-65.
19. Mahieu S., et al. “Aluminium toxicity: haematological effects”. Toxicology Letters 111 (2000): 235-242.
20. Chmielnicka J., et al. “Disturbances of morphological parameters in blood of rats orally exposed to aluminium chloride”. Bio- Logical Trace Element Research3 (1994): 191-199.
21. Flora SJ., et al. “Aluminium-induced oxidative stress in rat brain: response to combined administration of citric acid and HEDTA”. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 134 (2003): 319-328.
22. Andrew OE. “Histological studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate on the kidney of adult Wistar rats: Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Edo State Nigeria”. The Internet Journal of Health (2000): 1528-8315.
23. Pimentel-Vieira V., et al. “Effect of aluminium on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from mouse blood”. Toxicology Letters 117 (2000): 45-52.
24. Ashry M., et al. “Histopathology and histochemical changes in response to the administration and withdrawal of Codeine on Liver of rat”. Egyptian Journal of Histology 13 (1990): 3-12.
25. Varshneya C., et al. “Toxicological effects of dietary malathion in cockerels”. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 4 (1988): 411-414.
26. Kaneko J., et al. “Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals”. 5^th, Academic press, Inc. San Diego, London, New York (1997).
27. Davidson V and D Sittman. “Biochemistry”. 4^th edition”. Lippinicott Williams and Wilkins Publishers (2010).
28. Zaahkouk SAM., et al. “Carbamate toxicity and protective effect of vit. A and vit. E on some biochemical aspects of male albino rats”. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 1 (2000): 60-77.
29. Abdel-Wahhab MA., et al. “Zizyphus spina-christi extract protects against aflatoxin B1-intitiated hepatic carcinogenicity”. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 3 (2007): 248-256.
30. El-Sokkary G., et al. “Melatonin protects against lead-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in male rats”. Toxicology 213 (2005): 25-33.
31. Silva VS., et al. “Effect of chronic exposure to aluminium on isoform expression and activity of rat (Naþ/Kþ) ATPase”. Toxicological Sciences 88 (2005): 485-494.
32. Nehru B and Anand P. “Oxidative damage following chronic aluminium exposure in adult and pup rat brains”. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 19 (2005): 203-208.
33. Edwards MB and Bouchier AD. “Principle and Practice of Medicine.16^th edition”., ELBS Churchill Living Stone, Man Group Ltd., Hong Kong (1994): 606-745.
34. Hai ZH., et al. “Hepato-protective and antioxidant effects of Licorice extract against CCL4 induced oxidative damage in Rats”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12 (2011): 6529-6543.
35. Koechel DA., et al. “The pentobarbital anesthetized dog: An animal model for assessing chemically induced changes in renal function and ultra-structure”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 12 (1984): 2565-2573.
36. Damjanov I. “Histopathology: A Color Atlas and Textbook”. Williams and Wikins. A Waverly Company. Baltimore. Philadelphia and London (1996): 257-287.

Citation

Citation: Bot Yakubu Sunday., et al. “Some Biochemical and Hematological Studies of a Local Indigenous Alcohol Beverage in Male Albino Rats".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.3 (2023): 56-63.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Bot Yakubu Sunday., et al.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.