Zelalem Sisay, Fanta Desissa, Gezahegne Mamo and Jemberu Alemu*

Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

*Corresponding Author: Jemberu Alemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Received: January 05, 2023; Published: February 02, 2023

Abstract

Salmonella is a major cause of food borne disease in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2016 and April 2017 in Dukem town. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and identify the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella. Following the accepted methodologies and procedures, a total of 286 samples, including feces, carcass swabs, and retail meat, were collected and tested for Salmonella. Systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to generate the desired data. Salmonella was present in the beef supply chain on average at a rate of 6.3% (95% CI: 3.9-9.7). Based on sample source, the specific incidence of Salmonella was 0.9%, 2.9%, and 12.7% in retail meat, feces, and carcass swabs, respectively. There was statistically significant difference along the beef supply chain (X2 = 14.3027, P < 0.05). Among the isolates, 94.4% (n = 17) were resistant at least to one of the antimicrobials. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 27.8% (n = 5) of the isolates. The study found the occurrence of Salmonella along beef supply chain with higher prevalence at meat retail shop and the variability in the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates against the tested antimicrobials. Identifying Salmonella serotypes circulating in the area and regular monitoring of the health status of workers and hygienic condition of the slaughterhouse and meat retail shop is recommended.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance; Beef; Contamination; Dukem; Prevalence; Salmonella

References

1. World health organization (WHO). “Global burden of food borne diseases report”. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO press (2015): 1-255.
2. Radostits OM., et al. “Veterinary Medicine”. A text book of the disease of cattle, sheep, pig, goat and horses. 10^th , Elsevier, London (2007): 1007-1040.
3. Mershal G., et al. “Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces, skin and carcasses”. Letters in Applied Microbiology 50 (2010): 71-76.
4. Majowicz SE., et al. “The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 50 (2010): 882-889.
5. Jones R., et al. “Isolation of lactic acid bacteria with inhibitory activity against pathogens and spoilage organisms associated with fresh meat”. Food Microbiology 25 (2008): 228-234.
6. , et al. “Foodborne Salmonella ecology in the avian gastrointestinal tract”. Anaerobe 15 (2009): 26-35.
7. Feasey NA., et al. “Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa”. Lancet 379 (2012): 2489-2499.
8. Andino A and Hanning I. “Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars”. Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 520179.
9. Brenner FW., et al. “Salmonella nomenclature”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38 (2000): 2465- 2467.
10. Tindall BJ., et al. “Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella”. The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 (2005): 521-524.
11. Monte AS and De Santos PE. “Salmonella. Classification, Genetics, and Disease Outbreaks”. New York: Nova Biomedical/Nova Science Publishers, Inc (2012).
12. Ford L., et al. “Increasing incidence of Salmonella in Australia, 2000-2013”. PLoS One 11 (2016): e0163989.
13. Crump JA., et al. “Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 28 (2015): 901-937.
14. “Background document: the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever” (2003).
15. Kumar P and Kumar R. “Enteric Fever”. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 84 (2017): 227-230.
16. Vieira A., et al. “WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Databank-a resource to link human and non-human sources of Salmonella”. International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics 643 (2009): 512-517.
17. Adetunde LA., et al. “Source and distribution of microbial contamination on Beef and Chevron in Navrongo, Kassena Nankana District of Upper East Region in Ghana”. Journal of Animal Production Advances 1 (2011): 21-28.
18. Pegues DA and Miller SI. Salmonella Species, including Salmonella In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (editions). “Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases”. 7^th edition. Elsevier, Philadelphia (2010): 2887-2903.
19. Zelalem A., et al. “Prevalence and antimicrobialresistance of Salmonella isolated from lactating cows and in contact humans in dairy farms of Addis Ababa: across sectional study”. BMC Infectious Diseases 11 (2011):
20. Alemu S and BZ Molla. “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella enteric serovar isolated from slaughtered cattle in Bahir Dar municipal abattoir, North West, Ethiopia”. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44 (2012): 595-600.
21. Varma JK., et al. “Antimicrobial resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is associated with excess blood stream infections and hospitalizations”. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 191 (2005): 554-561.
22. Callaway TR., et al. “Evaluation of bacterial diversity in the rumen and feces of cattle fed different levels of dried distillers grains plus solubles using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyro sequencing”. Journal of Animal Science 88 (2010): 3977-3983.
23. Ejeta G., et al. “Salmonella serotypes isolated from minced meat beef, mutton and pork in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia”. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 11 (2004): 547-551.
24. ElAziz DMA. “Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in retail chicken meat and chicken giblets”. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 9 (2013): 678-681.
25. Molla B., et al. “Sources and distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food animals, slaughterhouse personnel and retail meat products in Ethiopia: 1997-2002”. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 17 (2003): 63-70.
26. Tadesse G and Gebremedhin ZE. “Prevalence of Salmonella in raw animal products in Ethiopia:a meta-analysis”. BMC Research Notes8 (2015): 163.
27. Mekuriaw E., et al. “Isolation, Identification and Drug Resistance Profile of Salmonella from Apparently Healthy Cattle Slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia”. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 6 (2016): 33-41.
28. “Central Statistical Authority, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, statistical abstract (2006).
29. “Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia”. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2013).
30. Thrusfield M. “Sampling in Veterinary Epidemiology, 3^rd edition”. Blackwell Science Ltd, London. Pp. 1-624.
31. Tadesse G and Tessema TS. “A meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Salmonella in food animals in Ethiopia”. BMC Microbiology 14 (2014): 270.
32. “Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs: Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp”. ISO, Geneva (2002): 511-525.
33. “Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs: carcass sampling for microbiological analysis”. Tech. Rep. ISO-17604, International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2003).
34. “Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty second informational supplements. CLIS documentM100-S22WaynePA (2015).
35. STATA version 11
36. Stevens A., et al. “Prevalence and antibiotic-resistance of Salmonella isolated from beef sampled from the slaughterhouse and from retailers in Dakar (Senegal)”. International Journal of Food Microbiology 110 (2006): 178-186.
37. Dallal MMS., et al. “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes, Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. isolated from retail chicken and beef, Tehran, Iran”. Food Control 21 (2010): 388-392.
38. Padungtod P and Kaneene JB. “Salmonella in food animals and humans in northern Thailand”. International Journal of Food Microbiology 108 (2006): 346-354.
39. Zewdu E and Cornelius P. “Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food items and workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia”. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41 (2009): 241-249.
40. Gebre BA. “Qualitative screening of antibiotic residues and identification of antibiotic resistant Salmonella from raw and ready to eat meat in Thailand”. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences 5 (2012): 51-64.
41. Behailu B and Mogessie A. “Distribution of drug resistance among enterococci and Salmonella from poultry and cattle in Ethiopia”. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42 (2009): 857 864.
42. Alemayehu D., et al. “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle in Ethiopia”. Tropical Animal Health and Production 35 (2003): 309-316.
43. Gillings M., et al. “The evolution of class 1 integrons and the rise of antibiotic resistance”. Journal of Bacteriology 190 (2008): 5095-5100.
44. White DG., et al. “The Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella from Retail Ground Meat”. The New England Journal of Medicine16 (2001): 147-154.
45. Tadesse T and Dabassa A. “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from raw milk samples collected from Kersa district, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia”. Journal of Medical Sciences 12 (2012): 224-228.
46. Tadesse G. “A meta-analysis of the proportion of animal Salmonella isolates resistant to drugs used against human salmonellosis in Ethiopia”. BMC Infectious Diseases 15 (2015): 7-22.
47. Ekundayo EO and Ezeoke JC. “Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity profile of Salmonella species in eggs and poultry farms in Umudike, Abia State”. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10 (2011): 206-209.
48. Molla B., et al. “Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella serovars from isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (camelus dromedrius) in eastern Ethiopia”. Berliner and Munchener tierarztliche wochenschschrift 117 (2004): 39-45.
49. Molla W., et al. “Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goats of central Ethiopia”. Tropical Animal Health and Production 38 (2006): 455-462.

Citation

Citation: Jemberu Alemu., et al. “Assessment of the Contamination of Beef with Salmonella along Beef Supply Chain in Dukem Town, Ethiopia".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.3 (2023): 02-10.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Jemberu Alemu., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.