Sameeksha Koundal¹, Kuldip Gupta¹*, Jitender Mohindroo², Shashi Kant Mahajan², Swaran Singh Randhawa³ and Amarjit Singh¹

¹Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
²Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
³Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

*Corresponding Author: Kuldip Gupta, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Received: September 20, 2022; Published: December 19, 2022

Abstract

The present study was undertaken on 83 dogs suffering from abdominal affections out of which 22 dogs having lesions in liver were included. Detailed history and signalment of each dog were recorded. Blood was collected from each dog for haematobiochemical analysis and ultrasonography of each dog was performed and ultrasound was done to detect lesions in liver. Ultrasonography guided FNAB and core biopsy samples were collected. Maximum incidence was recorded in Labrador retriever, male dogs and median age was recorded as 6 years in cases of liver affections. The lesions were classified as neoplastic and non- neoplastic lesions on the basis of cytology and histopathological findings. Neoplastic lesions were more common which included nine cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, four cases of cholengiocellular carcinoma, one case each of metastatic sarcoma and cystadenoma, whereas, non- neoplastic lesions included four cases of fatty change and two cases of hepatitis. Correlation between haematobiochemical alterations, cytological, histopathological and ultrasonographic findings was carried out for diagnosis and prognosis of liver affections. High correlation (95.21%), specificity (85.71%) and positive predictive value (93.8%) were observed between ultrasonographic and cytological and/or histopathological diagnosis while moderate correlation (42.86%), specificity (60%) and predictive value (60%) were observed between cytological and histopathological diagnosis of liver affections. In addition, median survival with and without censoring was recorded as 39.00 days and 109.00 days respectively. Ultrasound guided core biopsy was found to be more effective in diagnosing liver affections as compared to ultrasound guided FNAB. From the study it was concluded that although ultrasonography can detect the lesions in liver, but for confirmation of diagnosis we need ultrasound FNAB and core biopsy.

Keywords: Core Biopsy; Cytology; Dog; Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Histopathology; Liver; Liver Tumors; Ultrasonography

References

1. Kumar V., et al. “Diagnostic imaging of canine hepatobiliary affections: a review”. Veterinary Medicine International2012 (2012): 672107.
2. Leela-Arporn R., et al. “Predictive Factors of Malignancy in Dogs with Focal Liver Lesions Using Clinical Data and Ultrasonographic Features”. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science5 (2019): 723-729.
3. Kinsey JR., et al. “Factors Associated with Long-Term Survival in Dogs Undergoing Liver Lobectomy as Treatment for Liver Tumors”. The Canadian veterinary Journal. La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne6 (2015): 598-604.
4. Burti S., et al. “Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Features of Malignant Focal Liver Masses in Dogs”. Scientific Reports1 (2020): 6076.
5. Nemoto Y., et al. “Identification of cancer stem cells derived from a canine lung adenocarcinoma cell line”. Veterinary Pathology 48 (2011): 1029-1034.
6. Balkman C. “Hepatobiliary Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats”. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice3 (2009): 617-625.
7. Gerstman BB and Cappucci DT. “Evaluating the reliability of diagnostic test results”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association3 (1986): 248-251.
8. Naugler WE., et al. “Gender Disparity in Liver Cancer Due to Sex Differences in MyD88-Dependent IL-6 Production”. Science (New York, N.Y.)5834 (2007): 121-124.
9. Yeh SH and Chen PJ. “Gender Disparity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Roles of Sex Hormones”. Oncology1 (2010): 172-179.
10. Sharma MC., et al. “Liver- structure, disorders, diagnosis and therapeutic management”. IVRI Publication (2001).
11. Chikazawa S., et al. “Change in Serum Ferritin Concentration in Experimentally Induced Anemia of Chronic Inflammation in Dogs”. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science11 (2013): 1419-1426.
12. Selmic LE. “Hepatobiliary Neoplasia”. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice3 (2017): 725-735.
13. Elhiblu MA., et al. “Clinico-Hemato-Biochemical Profile of Dogs with Liver Cirrhosis”. Veterinary World4 (2015): 487-491.
14. Murikipudi NS., et al. “Prevelence of hepatic disorders among different breeds, sex, and age groups of dogs”. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology5 (2017): 20-25.
15. Liptak JM., et al. “Massive Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Dogs: 48 Cases (1992-2002)”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association8 (2004): 1225-1230.
16. Tennant BC and Center SA. “Hepatic Function”. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Elsevier (2008): 379-412.
17. Nelson RW and Couto CG. “Diagnostic tests for the hepatobiliary system”. Maryland Heights, Mo, USA: Mosby (1998): 487-509. 
18. Bigoniya P., et al. “A comprehensive review of different liver toxicants used in experimental pharmacology”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Drug Research1 (2009): 124-135.
19. Vatnikov Y., et al. “Size of canine hepatocellular carcinoma as an adverse prognostic factor for surgery”. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research1 (2020): 127-132.
20. Teshima T., et al. “Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Young Dog”. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne9 (2013): 845-848.
21. Masserdotti C., et al. “Characterization of Cytoplasmic Hyaline Bodies in a Hepatocellular Carcinoma of a Dog”. Research in Veterinary Science1 (2014): 143-146.
22. Roth L. “Comparison of Liver Cytology and Biopsy Diagnoses in Dogs and Cats: 56 Cases”. Veterinary Clinical Pathology1 (2001): 35-38.
23. Marconato L., et al. “Sorafenib for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Preliminary Toxicity and Activity Data in Dogs”. Cancers5 (2020): 1272.
24. Zafrani ES., et al. “Ultrastructural Lesions of the Liver in Human Peliosis. A Report of 12 Cases”. The American Journal of Pathology3 (1984): 349-359.
25. Tanaka T., et al. “Computed Tomography Findings in Canine Cholangiocellular Carcinoma’. Veterinary Record Case Reportse303 (2022): 1-5.
26. Martínez-Sogues L., et al. “Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in a Dog Diagnosed with Cholangiocellular Carcinoma”. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine35 (2019): 1-5. S1938973618301946.
27. Wang KY., et al. “Accuracy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the liver and cytologic findings in dogs and cats: 97 cases (1990-2000)”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association1 (2004): 75-78.
28. Sharma V., et al. “Cholangiocellular carcinoma in a labrador bitch: a case report”. Haryana Veterinarian2 (2016): 243-244.
29. Javanbakht J., et al. “Evaluation of metastatic cholangiocarcinoma in a Spitz dog”. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy03 (2013): 113-114.
30. Moon S-J., et al. “Biliary Cystadenoma in a Maltese Dog: Clinical and Diagnostic Findings”. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science12 (2011): 1677-1679.
31. Akkoç A., et al. “Multicentric Intrahepatic Biliary Cystadenoma in a Dog’. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences2 (2009): 161-164.
32. Irausquin RA., et al. “Comparative Evaluation of the Liver in Dogs with a Splenic Mass by Using Ultrasonography and Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomograph”. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne1 (2008): 46-52.
33. Boucher LD., et al. “Cytology of Angiosarcoma. Findings in Fourteen Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Specimens and One Pleural Fluid Specimen”. American Journal of Clinical Pathology2 (2000): 210-219.
34. Sharma S., et al. “Primary Splenic Angiosarcoma with Liver Metastasis: A Rare Neoplasm Diagnosed on Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell Block Immunocytochemistry”. Journal of Cytology2 (2018): 114-116.
35. Lessa AS., et al. “Ultrasound imaging in an experimental model of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis in rats”. BMC Veterinary Research6 (2010).
36. Zeppa P., et al. “Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Hepatic Focal Fatty Change. A Report of Two Cases”. Acta Cytologica3 (2002): 567-570.
37. Soudah B., et al. “Overview and Evaluation of the Value of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Determining the histogenesis of Liver Nodules: 14 Years of Experience at Hannover Medical School”. Oncology Reports1 (2015): 81-87.
38. Tantary HA., et al. “Diagnosis and therapeutic studies in ascites in dogs”. Veterinary Research6 (2013): 111-114.
39. Weiss DJ., et al. “Cytologic Evaluation of Inflammation in Canine Liver Aspirates”. Veterinary Clinical Pathology4 (2001): 193-196.
40. Kook PH., et al. “Clinical and Histologic Outcome in a Dog Surviving Massive Hepatic Necrosis”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine2 (2019): 879-884.
41. Balani S., et al. “Cytomorphological Variables of Hepatic Malignancies in Fine Needle Aspiration Smears with Special Reference to Grading of Hepatocellular Carcinoma”. Journal of Cytology2 (2013): 116-120.
42. Vilkovyskiy IF., et al. “Influence of Hepatic Neoplasia on Life Expectancy in Dogs”. Veterinary World3 (2020): 413-418.
43. Moyer J., et al. “Factors Associated with Survival in Dogs with a Histopathological Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 94 Cases (2007-2018)”. Open Veterinary Journal1 (2021): 144-153.
44. Meyer DJ. “The liver. In: Raskin RE, Meyer D, editors. Canine and feline cytology: a color atlas and interpretation guide”.3^rd. Elsevier; St. Louis, MO (2016).
45. Bahr KL., et al. “Accuracy of US-Guided FNA of Focal Liver Lesions in Dogs: 140 Cases (2005-2008)”. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association3 (2013): 190-196.

Citation

Citation: Kuldip Gupta.,et al. “Correlation of Clinicopathological and Ultrasonographic Findings for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Liver Affections in Dogs"Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 5.1 (2023): 58-68.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Kuldip Gupta.,et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.