ASN Katchouang¹*, F Meutchieye¹, FK Djitie² and Manjeli Yacouba¹

¹Department of Animal Production, FASA, University of Dschang B.P, Dschang, Cameroon
²Departmentof Science and Technology of Agriculture Biology, University of Ngaoundere Cameroon

*Corresponding Author: ASN Katchouang, Department of Animal Production, FASA, University of Dschang B.P. Dschang, Cameroon.

Received: October 28, 2022; Published: November 22, 2022

Abstract

A genetic characterization of goats based on visible polymorphisms and on the calculation of primacy indices was conducted from August to September 2013 on a sample of 101 farms, (relatively similar production conditions) each with at least 06 animals with different phenotypes and at least 2 origins of animal acquisition were sampled for a total of 249 goats (168 females, 49 males and 32 castrated) taken from traditional farms in the agroecological zone of the Guinean High Savannahs of Cameroon. The main results show that: almost all goats have horns with the exception of one motte goat probably because of its young age. The color is mostly brown and all pigmentary patterns identified in the goat species are present with a predominance of five types: illegible, eumelanic, chamois, eumelanic and light belly and phaeomelanic. The type of eumelanin is mostly illegible. The facial profile is mostly concavilinear (95%), the horns dominated by those of straight types are in most cases oriented backwards (72.30%), the tassels are rare (3.61%); The ears are erect (79.9%), semi-drooping (6%) or drooping (6.6%). Frosting is rare as well as variegation. The prime ratings are 0.84 and 0.84 respectively for the segregated loci primarity index (IPs) and the locus agouti primarity index (IPa). The polynomial regression equation (Live Weight (PV) = 56.13-1.71PT +0.018PT2) better predicts live weight with R2 = 0.77. Principal component analysis shows that the cumulative variances of the first two components (weight and body length) explain 65.07% of the genetic variability within the local goat population. These results confirm the degree of belonging of goat populations or breeds to the primary population category (initially traditional population) and the possibility of using selection as a means of genetic improvement.

Keywords: Population Genetics; Visible Polymorphism; Goats; Guinean High Savannahs of Adamaoua-Cameroon; Barium Equation; Population Structure

References

1. Baghel MS and Gupta MP. “Nitrogen distribution in goat milk”. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 32 (1979): 340-342.
2. Bhadula SK., et al. “Prediction of body weight from body measurements in sheep”. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 10 (1979): 775-777.
3. Bouchel D. “Contribution to the study of morpho-biometric indices and their conditions of use for the mapping of goat genetic resources”. Mémoire de DIRS, Université Francois Rabelais de Tours (1995):
4. Danchin BC. “Local goat breeds: from neglect to development”. Department of Genetics, Institute of Breeding (2005): 17.
5. Delgado JV., et al. “Livestock characterisation in Spain”. AGRI 29 (2001): 7-18.
6. Devendra C and Burns M. “Goat production in the Tropics”. Second Edition. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Farnham Royal, Slough SL 3BN, UK (1983): 183.
7. Dossa LH., et al. “Spatial variation in goat populations from Benin as revealed by multivariate analysis of morphological traits”. Small Ruminant Research 73 (2007): 150-159.
8. Doutressoule G. “Livestock farming in French West Africa, Larousse, Paris” (1974).
9. Duchev Z and Groeneveld E. “Improving the monitoring of animal genetic resources on National and International level”. Archives Animal Breeding 49 (2006): 532-544.
10. Epstein H. “The Origin of the Domestic Animals of Africa, Vol. I: Africana (1971): 573.
11. “The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture”. edited by B. Rischkowsky. et D. Pilling. Rome (2007).
12. Ferra JC., et al. “Weight and age at puberty and their correlations with morphometric measurements in crossbreed breed Sufolk ewe lambs”. Revista Brasileirade Zootecnia 39 (2010): 134-141.
13. Haenlein GFW. “Role of goat meat and milk in human nutrition”. Proceedings 5^th International Conference on Goats, New Delhi, India, March 1-8, ICAR Publ., New Delhi 2 (1992): 575-580.
14. Hammond K and Leitch H. “The FAO global programme for the management of farm animal genetic resources”. In Miller, V. Pursel and H. Norman, eds. Beltsville Symposia in Agricultural Repetite Est Africainerch. XX. Biotechnology’s role in the genetic improvement of farm animals. Illinois, USA, American Society of Animal Science (2010): 24-42.
15. Hodges J. “Conservation of genes and culture: historical and contemporary issues”. Poultry Science 85 (2006): 200-209.
16. “National Statistics of Cameroon, National Institute of Statistics (2007).
17. IRZV-Garoua. “Cartographie des populations caprines dans la partie septentrionale du Cameroun”. In Rapport Annuel 1992-1993 (1994): 26-34.
18. Jash S., et al. “Effect of enhanced prepartum concentrate feeding on kidding and lactation performance of stall-fed crossbred goats”. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants 7 (2001): 19-24.
19. Johnson RA and Wichern DW. “Applied multivariate statistical analysis”. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1992): 246-284.
20. “Morphological characterization of goats in the area of the high plains of Setif”. Mémoire de magisterie, Université de Ferhat Abbas-Setif (2011): 62.
21. Katongole JBD., et al. “Morphological Characterization of the Tswana goat 1996”. In Small Ruminant Repetite Est Africainerch and Development in Africa. Proceeding of the third Biennal Conference of the african Small Ruminant Repetite Est Africainerch Network. UICC, Kampala, Uganda (1994): 43-47.
22. Keller LF and Waller DM. “Inbreeding effects in wild populations”. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17 (2002): 230-241.
23. Khemici E., et al. “Primarity index and genetic differentiation of goat populations of the steppe (Arabia) and desert (Mekatia) of Algeria”. Genetic Selection Evolution 27 (1995): 503-517.
24. Kurnianto E., et al. “Multivariate analysis of morphological traits of local goat in central Java, Indonesia”. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science2 (2013): 361-367.
25. Köhler-Rollefson I., et al. “Local breeds, livelihoods and livestock keepers’ rights in South Asia”. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41 (2009): 1061-1070.
26. Lauvergne JJ. “Case for a study of animal genetic resources (RGA) in an African country”. Inedit (2007): 6.
27. Lauvergne JJ., et al. “Using morphometrics indices to map goats resources in Africa”. The origin and development of African Livestock: archeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnolography, UCL Press, London and New York (2000): 290-301.
28. Lauvergne JJ., et al. “Indices of primacy of goats in northern Cameroon and Chad”. Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 4 (1993a): 645-650.
29. Lauvergne JJ., et al. “A gene for the reduction of goat horns from northern Cameroon and Chad”. Revue D'elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Too 4 (1993b): 651-665.
30. Laoun A. “Morpho-biometric study of a sample of a sheep population of the Djelfa region, magister in veterinary sciences”. National Veterinary School of el-Harrach Algiers (2007): 174.
31. Luanna CP., et al. “Biometric variability of goat populations revealed by means of principal component analysis”. Genetics and Molecular Biology 4 (2013): 777-782.
32. Lush JL. “The Genetics of Populations”. Mimeo. Iowa State University, Breeds of Livestock (1948).
33. Manallah I Dekhili M. “Morphological araceterization of goats in the area of the High Plains of Setif”. Agriculture 2 (2012): 7-13.
34. Mayaka TB., et al. “Estimation of live body weight in West African dwarf goats from heart girth measurement”. Tropical Animal Health and Production28 (1995): 126-128.
35. Mbayahaga J. “The East African sheep and goat: Growth and reproduction performance”. University Faculties Notre Dame de la Paix University of Burundi (2000): 178.
36. Meutchieye F. “Morphometric characterization of goat populations in the highlands of West Cameroon”. Master's thesis, University of Dschang, Cameroon (2008): 130.
37. Ngo Tama AC., et al. “Caractérisation génétique des caprins du Nord-Cameroun”. In Proceedings of the 3^rd Bennial Conference of the African small Ruminant Research Network UICC. Kampala,Uganda (1996): 55-62.
38. Ngona IA., et al. “Descriptive study of the morphometric and genital characteristics of the Lubumbashi goat in the Democratic Republic of Congo”. Journal of Breeding and Veterinary Medicine of Tropical Countries3-4 (2012): 75-79.
39. Okpeku M., et al. “Application of multivariate principal component analysis to morphological characterization of indigenous goats in southern Nigeria”. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 98 (2011):
40. Poivey JP., et al. “Local breeds and animal biodiversity: place du BRG”. In Actes du colloque Festival Animalier International de Rambouillet. Races locales et biodiversité animale: enjeux et appétits 2000 (1980): 21-28.
41. Ruane J. “A critical review of the value of genetic distance studies in breed conservation”. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 116 (1999): 317-323.
42. Saporta G. “Probability Data analysis and statistics Edition Technip”. Paris. France (): 403-423.
43. Semakula J., et al. “Variability in Body Morphometric Measurements and Their Application in Predicting Live Body Weight of Mubende and Small East African Goat Breeds in Uganda”. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 2 (2010): 98-105.
44. Taberlet P., et al. “Are cattle, sheep, and goat’s endangered species”. Molecular Ecology 17 (2008): 275-284.
45. Takaendengana B., et al. “Morphometric Characterization of Minahasa Horse for Breeding and Conservation Purposes”. Media Peternakan, Agustus 2011 (2008): 99-104.
46. Thaon C., et al. “An overview of the Weitzman approach to diversity”. Genetics Selection Evolution 30 (1998): 149-161.
47. Thys E and Hardouin J. “Prediction of sheep body weigth in markets in the far North Cameroon”. Livestock Research for Rural Development 1 (1991).
48. Traoré A., et al. “Multivariate analyses on morphological traits of goats in Burkina Faso”. Tierz., Dummerstorf 51.6 (2008): 588-600.
49. Wilson RT. “Small Ruminant Production and the Small Ruminant Genetic Resources in Tropical Africa”. FAO, Rome, Italy (1991): 231.
50. Wikondi J. “Socio-economic and technical characteristics of small ruminant farming in the Mayo Danay Department (Far North Cameroon)”. University of Dschang, Engineering thesis (2011): 56.
51. Yakubu A., et al. “Discriminant analysis of morphometric differentiation in the West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats”. South African Society for Animal Science 4 (2010): 381-389.

Citation

Citation: ASN Katchouang., et al. “Morpho-Biometric Characterization of Goats in the Agro-Ecological Zone of the Guinean High Savannahs of Adamaoua Cameroon".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 4.12 (2022): 100-122.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 ASN Katchouang., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.