Hasan Hüseyin Şenyüz*

Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Ereğli, Konya, Türkiye

*Corresponding Author: Hasan Hüseyin Şenyüz, Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Ereğli, Konya, Türkiye.

Received: June 22, 2022; Published: July 25, 2022

Abstract

Total mixed ration (TMR) has been used in animal nutrition for many years around the world, it has recently started to take attention TMR is the consumption of a daily nutrient requirement of the animal as a whole mixture. The mixture should contain all the daily needs of the animal such as roughage, concentrated feed, vitamins, minerals etc. TMR provides benefits such as protection of rumen health, saving in feed costs, and controllability, as well as allowing the use of regional wastes as animal feed. In this way, difficulties in accessing quality roughage as a result of the decrease in water resources in the world and drought can be reduced. It is a feeding method that can be used in all ruminant animals. While the use of TMR offers some advantages to enterprises, there are also situations that can be considered as a disadvantage. In addition to studies such as comparing TMR with the traditional feeding method, adding different additives to TMR, packaged TMR studies have been carried out recently. TMR can be prepared fresh daily, or it can be preserved by making strech packs (ensiled TMR) for longer storage. In this review, the use of TMR in ruminant animals such as dairy cattle, beef cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats has been examined in detail.

Keywords: Total Mixed Ration (TMR); Small Ruminant; Large Ruminant

References

1. Adiwinarti R., et al. “Feeding behaviour and drinking activities of Kacang goat fed high and low fiber diets”. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science12 (2019): 1-5.
2. Akçapınar H and Özbeyaz C. “Hayvan Yetiştiriciliği Temel Bilgiler”. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara (2021).
3. “TMR Kaba Yem” (2022).
4. Bueno AVI., et al. “Ensiling total mixed ration for ruminants: a review”. Agronomy 10.6 (2020): 879.
5. Casper DP., et al. “Supplementing additional cobalt as cobalt lactate in a high-forage total mixed ration fed to late-lactation dairy cows”. Journal of Dairy Science104.10 (2021): 10669-10677.
6. Cavallini D., et al. “Effects of ad libitum or restricted access to total mixed ration with supplemental long hay on production, intake, and rumination”. Journal Of Dairy Science 12 (2018): 10922-
7. Chen L., et al. “Effects of applying lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production of forage-based total mixed ration silage in Tibet”. Animal Production Science59.2 (2019): 376-383.
8. DeVries TJ and Von Keyserlingk MAG. “Feeding method affects the feeding behavior of growing dairy heifers”. Journal of Dairy Science3 (2009): 1161-1168.
9. Eliyahu D., et al. “Effect of ensiling pomegranate pulp with solid additives on chemical composition, intake and digestibility by sheep”. Small Ruminant Research131 (2015): 93-98.
10. Ergün A., et al. “Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları”. Medipress, Ankara (2022).
11. Görgülü M. “Büyük ve Küçükbaş Hayvan Besleme”". Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü Yemler ve Hayvan Besleme Anabilim Dalı (2022).
12. Gümüş H and Bayram I. “The Effects of Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fibre Content on Growth Performance and Digestibility in Beef Cattle Fed with Total Mixed Ration”. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi2 (2020): 157-163.
13. Hartwiger J., et al. “Effects of a change from an indoor-based total mixed ration to a rotational pasture system combined with a moderate concentrate feed supply on immunological cell and blood parameters of dairy cows”. Veterinary Sciences 2 (2019): 47.
14. Hundal JS., et al. “Effect of herbal feed additive containing saponins on the performance of goat kids”. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90 (2020). 229-236.
15. Iqbal Z., et al. “Effects of physical forms of total mixed rations on intake, weaning age, growth performance, and blood metabolites of crossbred dairy calves”. Animals 8 (2019): 495.
16. Islam R., et al. “Effect of pellet from total mixed ration on growth performance, blood metabolomics, carcass and meat characteristics of Bangladeshi garole sheep”. Progressive Agriculture3 (2017): 222-229.
17. Jasińska M., et al. “Cow feeding system versus milk utility for yoghurt manufacture”. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria9.2 (2010): 189-199.
18. Jha PK., et al. “Production Performance of Milking Buffalo Fed Diet Supplemented with Rice Straw based Total Mixed Ration (TMR)”. In thNational Workshop on Livestock and Fisheries Research in Nepal3 (2021): 239.
19. Jiang D., et al. “Effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus on fermentation, aerobic stability and microbial communities during ensiling and aerobic spoilage of total mixed ration silage containing alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”. Grassland Science66.4 (2020): 215-224.
20. Khadem AA., et al. “Effects of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on fermentation parameters and microbial populations of rumen, total tract digestibility of diet nutrients and on the in situ degradability of alfalfa hay in Iranian Chall sheep”. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS4 (2007): 590-597.
21. Khan EU., et al. “Feeding of TMR at different dietary energy levels: intake, growth performance, feed efficiency, structural development, and economics in pre-pubertal Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers”. JAPS: Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences4 (2019): 905-911.
22. Khattab IM and Anele UY. “Dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and fermentation characteristics of sheep fed Atriplex hay‐based diet supplemented with discarded dates as a replacement for barley grain”. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition2 (2022): 229-238.
23. Lee J., et al. “Effect of Forage Sources in Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on in vitro Rumen Fermentation of Goat”.Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 41.2 (2021): 102-109.
24. Leketa K. “Milk goat feeding systems using Leucaena leucocephala in total mixed rations”. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria (2011).
25. Li R., et al. “Replacing alfalfa with paper mulberry in total mixed ration silages: Effects on ensiling characteristics, protein degradation, and in vitro digestibility”. Animals5 (2021): 1273.
26. Malik MI., et al. “Effect of physical form and level of wheat straw inclusion on growth performance and blood metabolites of fattening goat”. Animals10 (2020): 1861.
27. Malik MI., et al. “Rumen morphometry and sorting behavior of fattening male goat fed pelleted and unpelleted TMR with two levels of wheat straw”. Small Ruminant Research 196 (2021): 106316.
28. Mäntysaari P., et al. “Effect of feeding frequency of a total mixed ration on the performance of high-yielding dairy cows”. Journal of Dairy Science 89.11 (2006): 4312-4320.
29. Matar AM., et al. “Effects of roughage quality and particle size on rumen parameters and fatty acid profiles of Longissimus dorsi fat of lambs fed complete feed”. Animals11 (2020): 2182.
30. Miyaji M and Nonaka K. “Effects of altering total mixed ration conservation method when feeding dry-rolled versus steam-flaked hulled rice on lactation and digestion in dairy cows”. Journal of Dairy Science 6 (2018): 5092-5101.
31. Pachauri SK., et al. “Effect of feeding wheat straw and urea ammoniated wheat straw based total mixed rations on the performance of female crossbred calves”. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition1 (2010): 73-76.
32. Pastorini M., et al. “Productive performance and digestive response of dairy cows fed different diets combining a total mixed ration and fresh forage”. Journal of Dairy Science 102.5 (2019): 4118-4130.
33. Poonooru RR., et al. “Rumen fermentation patterns in buffalo bulls fed total mixed ration supplemented with exogenous fibrolytic enzyme and/or live yeast culture”. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research2.3 (2015): 310-315.
34. Rahman MA., et al. “Effects of hay grass level and its physical form (full length vs. chopped) on standing time, drinking time, and social behavior of calves”. Journal of Veterinary Behavior21. (2017): 7-12.
35. Rajamma K., et al. “Nutrient utilisation in buffalo bulls fed total mixed rations supplemented with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes”. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition3 (2014): 213-217.
36. Ryu C., et al. “Optimum Forage Sources and Its Ratio in TMR for Environmently-friendly Goat Feeding: In vitro Rumen Fermentation Study”. Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture4 (2020): 605-614.
37. Sakai T., et al. “Evaluation of total mixed ration silage with brewers grains for dairy buffalo in T arai, Nepal”. Animal Science Journal10 (2015): 884-890.
38. Sarker NR., et al. “An On-Farm Study for Feeding Impact of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) in Milking Cow”. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 35.2 (2019): 1-8.
39. Schingoethe DJ. “A 100-Year Review: Total mixed ration feeding of dairy cows”. Journal of Dairy Science 100.12 (2017): 10143-10150.
40. Shahzad F., et al. “Effects of varying levels of fungal (Arachniotus) treated wheat straw as an ingredient of total mixed ration on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Nili Ravi buffalo calves”. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 29.3 (2016): 359.
41. Sunarso CM and Nuswantara LK. “Feeding of Total Mixed Ration on the Productivity of Friesian Holstein Cross-Grade Cattle”. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1 (2018): 012024.
42. Şenyüz HH., et al. “TMR Pilot Study in Dairy Farms in Amasya Region: I - Determination of Ensiled TMR Stability”. International Livestock Studies Congress (2021): 28-31.
43. Thakur SS., et al. “Effect of feeding total mixed rations on the performance of buffalo calves”. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition1 (2006): 5-9.
44. Utama DT., et al. “Blood profile and meat quality of Holstein-Friesian steers finished on total mixed ration or flaxseed oil-supplemented pellet mixed with reed canary grass haylage”. Animal12.2 (2018): 426-433.
45. Uzun P., et al. “The inclusion of fresh forage in the lactating buffalo diet affects fatty acid and sensory profile of mozzarella cheese”. Journal of Dairy Science8 (2018): 6752-6761.
46. Wadhwa M and Bakshi MPS. “Effect of supplementing total mixed ration with ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) oil on the performance of buffalo calves”. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 89 (2019): 424-430.
47. Wahyudi A., et al. “Effect of urea in total mixed ration and its silage on friesian holstein bull calves productivity in tropic condition”. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture337 (2021): 1-6.
48. Wang C., et al. “Changes in in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of different compositions of total mixed rations (TMR) and the ensiled TMRs”. Advences in Animal and Veterinary Science 4 (2016): 179-82.
49. Xie Y., et al. “Effects of the application of Lactobacillus plantarum inoculant and potassium sorbate on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage based on alfalfa silage”. Animals 10.12 (2020): 2229.
50. Xu T., et al. “Effect of dietary types on feed intakes, growth performance and economic benefit in Tibetan sheep and yaks on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during cold season”. PloS One1 (2017): e0169187.
51. Yang L., et al. “Precise calculation system of total mix ration for lactating cow”. Agricultural Science and Technology 13.12 (2012): 2569-2576.
52. Yuan X., et al. “The effect of different additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration silage”. Animal Feed Science and Technology 207 (2015): 41-50.
53.  

Citation

Citation: Hasan Huseyin Senyuz. “Usage Opportunites of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) in Small and Large Ruminants". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 4.8 (2022): 117-123.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Hasan Huseyin Senyuz. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.