Barde Israel Joshua¹*, Igboa Oziegbe Paul², Abubakar Sadiq Abubakar², Ishaku Leo Elisha¹, Leo Shedua Nyam¹, Shekaro Audu¹, Logyang Lot Emmanuel¹, Suleiman Isa¹, Ugbe Dominic Aondona¹ and Ngulukun Sati Samuel¹

¹Department of Diagnostic Veterinary Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau, Nigeria
²Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Vom, Plateau, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author:Barde Israel Joshua, Department of Diagnostic Veterinary Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau, Nigeria.

Received: February 21, 2022; Published: March 02, 2022

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the clinical and pathological manifestations of kola nut on puppies. Kola nut which contains caffeine is used in some regions in Nigeria particularly the south-south to poison stray dogs.

Materials and Methods: Aqueous extracts of Kola nut nitida was administered to dogs in order to investigate the possible effects on some organs of the dogs. Four dogs were used in the treatment group whereby two doses of the extract (400 mg/Kg and 800 mg/Kg) were daily administered orally to the test animals for a period of 2 weeks.

Results: A dose related response was observed. Clinical signs observed include: excitement, polyuria, shivering, dull appearance, rough hair coat, emaciation/ body weight lost, drowsiness, tetanic convulsion, bloody diarrhea, aggressiveness, irritating mood, decreased pulse rate, decreased body temperature, decreased respiratory rate, sunken eye ball and mucoid diarrhea. Severity of gross lesions in the liver, kidney, Brain, lymph nodes and small Intestine of animals in the infected groups. The laboratory result showed that kola nut extract can be toxic to dogs following the laboratory results gotten from this study as haematology result showed that there is a difference in Red Blood cells, white blood cell, Monocyte, Pack cell volume, Neutrophils, Lymphocyte and Hemoglobin which shows hypochromic condition, while the histopathological lesions shows neuronal necrosis and pyknosis in the brain, gastric erosion with hemorrhage in intestine, necrosis of the renal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, necrotic myocyte in the heart, thickening of the alveolar septa in the lungs and in the liver necrosis of the hepatocytes. Some of the biochemical parameters showed great statistical significance: AST, Urea, Total protein and Creatinine are high compared with the control group. These signify kidney and liver damage.

Conclusion: Despite the reported potentially beneficial effects of kola nut, its use as a medicinal plant should be with great caution because of the clinico-pathological manifestations seen in this study.

Keywords: Kola Nut; Dogs; Caffeine; Clinical Signs; Gross Lesions; Biochemical and Histopathology

References

1. Burdock GA., et al. “Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient”. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (2009): 1725-1732.
2. Veronique G. “The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name”. BBC News (2016).
3. Heckman MA., et al. “Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters”. Journal of Food Science 75 (2010): 77-87.
4. Darragh A., et al. “Adverse effects of caffeine”. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 150 (1981): 47-53.
5. Peters J. “Factors affecting caffeine toxicity: a review of the literature”. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7 (1967): 131-141.
6. Berger AJ and Alford K. “Cardiac arrest in a young man following excess consumption of caffeinated “energy drinks"”. Medical Journal of Australia 190 (2009): 491-493.
7. Forman J., et al. “Myocardial infarction resulting from caffeine overdose in an anorectic woman”. Annals of Emergency Medicine 29 (1997): 178-180.
8. Campana C., et al. “Caffeine overdose resulting in severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure”. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 32 (2014): e3-4.
9. Mrvos RM., et al. “Massive caffeine ingestion resulting in death”. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 31 (2014): 571-572.
10. Wrenn KD and Oschner I. “Rhabdomyolysis induced by a caffeine overdose”. Annals of Emergency Medicine 18 (1989): 95-97.
11. Yamamoto T., et al. “Autopsy report for a caffeine intoxication case and review of the current literature”. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 28 (2015): 33-36.
12. Foor J and Stowe CM. “Acute fatal caffeine toxicosis in a dog”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 167 (1975): 379.
13. Michael SJ. “Caffeine poisoning in a dog”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 139 (1961): 559.
14. Tawde SN., et al. “Death by caffeine: presumptive malicious poisoning of a dog by Incorporation in ground Meat”. Journal of Medical Toxicology 8 (2012): 436-440.
15. Hensel M., et al. “Fatal caffeine intoxication in a dog”. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 10 (2017): 65-68.
16. Handl S and Iben C. “Foodstuff toxic to small animals-a review”. Veterinary Medicine 95 (2008): 235-242.
17. Kovalkovičová N., et al. “Some food toxic for pets”. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2 (2009): 169-176.
18. Gugler K., et al. “Hidden dangers in the kitchen: common foods toxic to dogs and cats”. Toxicology Compendium 35 (2013): E1-7.
19. Caloni F and Cortinovis C. “Household food items toxic to dogs and cats”. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2 (2016): 26.
20. Jasani S. “Toxicological Emergencies”. In: Nind F, editor. Small Animal Emergency Medicine (2011): 22-7.
21. Gwaltney-Brant S. “Chocolate intoxication”. Veterinary Medicine 98 (2001): 108-111.
22. Agudelo CF., et al. “Chocolate ingestion induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary Oedema in a puppy: a case report”. Veterinary Medicine 2 (2003): 109-112.
23. Sudhakara RΒ., et al. “Chocolate Poisoning in a Dog”. International Journal of Veterinary Health Science and Research 1 (2013): 16-17.
24. Baile ME and Garland T. “Toxicologic emergencies”. In: Reinhardt RW, editor. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Mobsy, St. Louis (1992): 427-452.
25. Poppenga RH. “Toxicological emergencies”. In: Al. KLS et, editor. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care (2007): 278-294.
26. Meola SD. “Chocolate toxicity”. In: Mazzafero EM, editor. Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical companion. Small animal emergency and critical care. Blackwell Publishing. Ames (2010): 141-145.
27. Mancitire DK., et al. “Toxicologic Emergencies”. In: Troy DB, editor. Manual of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore USA (2005): 384-387.
28. Adisa WA., et al. “Effects of aqueous extract of Kola Nut (Cola nitida Rubra) on reproductive hormones in Rats”. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 25 (2010): 121-123.
29. Salahdeen HM., et al. “Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extracts of kolanut (Cola nitida) (vent) and its toxicity studies in rats”. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 9 (2015): 56-70.
30. Elisavet WK., et al. “Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6 (2021): e2010083118.
31. Alvares F., et al. “Old World Canis spp. With taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations”. In: CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal (2019).
32.  

Citation

Citation: Barde Israel Joshua., et al. “Clinico-Pathological Manifestations of Aqueous Extract of Kolanut Nitida on Four-Month-Old Puppies”. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 4.4 (2022): 05-14.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Barde Israel Joshua., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.