Muhammad Nouman Azam¹*, M Ali Nawaz² and Hassan Aziz²

¹Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
²Department of Food Science PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Nouman Azam, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Received: January 18, 2022; Published: February 21, 2022

Abstract

Impure water leads to several ailments in humans, animals, and poultry. Water stored in tanks at farms becomes impure due to development of algae and other toxicities. There is also another method of water purification by using Moringa Oleifera seed. The water-soluble proteins extracted from Moringa Oleifera (MO) seeds was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the dry state, as well as circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. FTIR and CD spectra show that the secondary protein structure is dominated by αs-helix. The FTIR spectrum recorded two separate and strong absorption belts at 1656 cm - 1 and 1542 cm - 1, in a standard list of protein absorption proteins. Changes in solution pH affected the formation of the second largest protein only at pH values above 10, as shown by the CD spectra, while ionic energy had a small effect. The main objective of this review was to investigate the efficacy of extracting of Moringa Oleifera seeds in three ways: simple wrapping, oil extraction, and protein separation. This leads to an increase in efficiency in determining water with low turbidity. In addition, the new bio-coagulant faced the limit of previous research, namely the loading of organic compounds into water after the Moringa Oleifera seed mixing process. This method brings many benefits compared to others, in particular, the use of chemicals, low cost, easy to use but equally effective and safe for health. In addition, a paired t-test used to compare a set of pre-treatment and post-COD treatment data with the success of turbidity removal was significant (p <0.05) at the three sites examined.

Keywords: Bio-Coagulant; Protein-Fractionation; Turbidity; Moringa Oleifera ; A-Helix; PH Value; Pulverization

References

1. KA Ghebremichael., et al. “A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera seed”. Water Research 39 (2005): 2338-2344.
2. V Cabiaux., et al. “Secondary structures comparison of aquaporin-1 and bacteriorhodopsin: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of two-dimensional membrane crystals”. Biophysical Journal73 (1997): 406-417.
3. DL Zeng. “Investigation of protein-surfactant interactions in aqueous solutions”. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Connecticut (1997).
4. HM Kwaambwa and R Maikokera. “A fluorescence spectroscopic study of a coagulating protein extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds”. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 60 (2007): 213-220.
5. RK Scopes. “Protein Purification: Principles and Practice”. Springer-Verlag, New York (1994).
6. HM Kwaambwa R and Maikokera. “Air-water interface interaction of anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactants with a coagulant protein extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds studied using surface tension probe”. Water SA 33 4 (2007): 583-588.
7. Q Xu and TA Keiderling. “Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on folding and thermal stability of acid-denatured cytochrome c: a spectroscopic approach”. Protein Science13 (2004): 2949-2959.
8. S De., et al. “Fluorescence probing of albumin-surfactant interaction”. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 285 (2005): 562-573.
9. Aider M., et al. “Electro-activated aqueous solutions: theory and application in the food industry and biotechnology”. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 15 (2012): 38-49.
10. Baptista ATA., et al. “Protein fractionation of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam and its application in superficial water treatment”. Separation and Purification Technology 180 (2017): 114-124.
11. Eilert U., et al. “The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringaoleifera and Moringastenopetala”. Planta Medica1 (1981): 55-61.
12. Eri IR., et al. “Clarification of pharmaceutical wastewater with Moringa Oleifera: optimization through response surface methodology”. Journal of Ecological Engineering 19 (2018): 126-134.
13. Gorchev H., et al. “Aluminium in Drinking-Water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality” (2003).
14. Report WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/53, Health criteria and other supporting information, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
15. Ganatra TH., et al. “Therapeutic and prophylactic values of Moringa oleifera Lam”. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 3 (2012): 1-7.
16. Lin L., et al. “Fate of hydrolyzed Al species in humic acid coagulation”. Water Research 56 (2014): 314-324.
17. Madrona GS., et al. “Study of the effect of saline solution on the extraction of the Moringa oleifera seed’s active component for water treatment”. Water Air Soil Pollution 211 (2010): 409-415.
18. Madrona GS., et al. “Evaluation of extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds obtained with NaCl and their effects on water treatment”. Acta Scientiarum 34 (2012): 289-293.
19. Madsen M., et al. “Effect of water coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial concentrations”. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90 (1987): 101-109.
20. Muyibi SA and Evison LM. “Optimizing hysical parameters affecting coagulation of turbid water with Moringa oleifera seeds”. Water Research 29 (1985): 2689-2695.
21. SA Noor., et al. “Effects of oil extraction from Moringa oleifera seeds on coagulation of turbid water”. International Journal of Environmental Studies 59 (2002): 243-254.
22. Nguyen TH. “Use of Moringa oleifera seeds as natural coagulant for water purification in Viet Nam”. Young Scientist 132 (2004): 127-132.
23. Nordmark BA., et al. “Comparative coagulation performance study of Moringa oleifera cationic protein fractions with varying water hardness”. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016): 4690-4698.
24. “Headway on natural polymeric coagulants in water and wastewater treatment operation”. Journal of Water Process Engineering 6 (2014): 174-192.
25. Olyaie E., et al. “A comparison of various artificial intelligence approaches performance for estimating suspended sediment load of river systems: a case study in United States”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187 (2015): 187-189.
26. T Baes., et al. “Improvement of extraction method of coagulation active components from Moringa oleifera seed”. Water Research 33 (1999): 3373-3378.
27. Petersen HH., et al. “Adsorption of organic pollutants from slaughterhouse wastewater using powder of Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant”. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 3 (2016): 1-8.
28. I Papastavrou G and Borkovec M. “Charge regulation effects on electrostatic patch-charge attraction induced by adsorbed dendrimers”. Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics 12 (2010): 4863-4871.
29. Poumaye N., et al. “Contribution to the clarification of surface water from the Moringaoleifera: case M’Poko River to Bangui, Central African Republic”. Chemical Engeneering Research and Design 90 (2012): 2346-2352.
30. “National Technical Regulations on the amount of water in the country. (National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality) QCVN 08:2015/BTNMT”. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Viet Nam (2015).
31. Real-Olvera J., et al. “Adsorption of organic pollutants from slaughterhouse wastewater using powder of Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant”. Desalination and Water Treatment 57 (2015): 9971-9981.
32. KC Nishi., et al. “Optimization of process conditions in water treatment through coagulation diagrams, using Moringaoleifera Lam and aluminiumsulphate”. Desalination and Water Treatment 56 (2014): 1787-1792.
33. Viera GH., et al. “Antibacterial effect (in vitro) of Moringa oleifera and Annona muricata against Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria”. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 52 (2010): 129-132.
34. M López-Grimau V and Gutiérrez-Bouzán C. “Valorization of waste obtained from oil extraction in Moringa oleifera seeds: coagulation of reactive dyes in textile effluents”. Materials 7 (2014): 6569-6584.
35. Soros A., et al. “Turbidity reduction in drinking water by coagulation-focculation with chitosan polymers”. Journal of Water and Health 2 (2019): 204-218.
36. Stohs SJ and Hartman MJ. “Review of the safety and efcacy of Moringaoleifera”. Phytotherapy Research 6 (2015): 796-804.
37. Teh CY., et al. “Recent advancement of coagulation focculation and its application in wastewater treatment”. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 55 (2016): 4363-4389.
38. Tunggolou J and Payus C. “Application of Moringa oleifera plant as water purifer for drinking water purposes”. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 10 (2017): 268-275.
39. Vieira AMS., et al. “Use of Moringa oleifera seed as a natural adsorbent for wastewater treatment”. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 206 (1-4 (2010): 273-281.
40. Wang WC., et al. “Assessment of river water quality based on theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy binary comparison method”. Water Resources Management 28 (2014): 4183-4200.
41. Yarahmadi M., et al. “Application of Moringa oleifera seed extract and poly aluminium chloride in water treatment”. World Applied Sciences Journal 8 (2009): 962-967.
42. AQ Ghazali SB., et al. “Experimental optimization of Moringa oleifera seed powder as bio-coagulants in water treatment process”. SN Applied Sciences 5 (2019): 504.
43. Zand AD and Hoveidi H. “Comparing aluminium sulfate and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) sssperformance in turbidity removal from synthetic water”. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports 2 (2015): 287-289.

Citation

Citation: Muhammad Nouman Azam., et al. “Review on Water Purification by Using Moringa Oleifera Seed". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 4.3 (2022): 86-93.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Muhammad Nouman Azam., et al.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.