Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences (ISSN: 2582-3183)

Research Article Volume 4 Issue 3

Bacterial Recovery from Canine Eyes with Complicated Corneal Ulcerations: Comparison of Direct Plating Versus Culturette Submission: A Pilot Study

Haley E Jost1, Christine C Lim2, Leslie Sharkey3, Julia L Sharp4, Michael L Creutzinger4 and Michala de Linde Henriksen1*

1Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, USA
2Eye Care for Animals, USA
3Clinical Sciences Department, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, USA
4Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, USA

*Corresponding Author: Michala de Linde Henriksen, Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, USA.

Received: January 27, 2022; Published: February 11, 2022

Abstract

Objective: To compare organism recovery from canine corneal ulcers using two different bacterial culture processing methods: culturette inoculation into growth media immediately after collection (direct plating), and transport of culturettes with inoculation at the reference laboratory (culturette).

Design: Exploratory pilot study.

Animals: Thirteen client-owned dogs diagnosed with complicated corneal ulceration from one referral hospital.

Procedures: Bacterial samples were collected by direct sampling of infected corneal ulcerations with a culturette followed by two methods of sample processing: 1) direct inoculation of the culturette onto four culture media (blood, MacConkey, chocolate, Sabouraud dextrose) and shipment of plates to an outside laboratory, 2) sample collection by culturette followed by transport to the same outside laboratory for plating there for aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity testing. Corneal cytology was collected from all corneal ulcerations immediately after culture samples were obtained.

Results: Direct plating detected bacterial infection in 5/13 (39%) dogs, culturette submission in 6/13 (46%) dogs. When combining the two culture methods, 7/13 (54%) dogs had positive cultures. The most common bacteria that were cultured from the corneal ulcerations were beta-hemolytic streptococcus spp. (n = 3), and gram-negative bacilli (n = 3). There was not sufficient evidence to suggest bacterial detection differed between the two culture methods (p = 1.00).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Some laboratories recommend direct plating for better bacterial growth from corneal cultures. Direct plating is more time consuming than submitting a culturette. This study suggests that submitting a culturette does not result in different bacterial growth than direct plating.

Keywords: Canine; Culturette; Direct Plating; Infected Corneal Ulceration; Microbiology

References

  1. Gelatt KN., et al. “Ulcerative keratitis. IN: Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology”. 6th John Wiley and Sons, Ames, IA, USA (2021): 1096-1123.
  2. Wang L., et al. “Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase concentrations in precorneal tear film from dogs with Pseudomonas aeruginosa–associated keratitis”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69.10 (2008): 1341-1345.
  3. Ollivier FJ., et al. “Proteinases of the cornea and preocular tear film”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 10.4 (2007): 199-206.
  4. Tolar EL., et al. “Evaluation of clinical characteristics and bacterial isolates in dogs with bacterial keratitis: 97 cases (1993-2003)”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 228.1 (2006): 80-85.
  5. Papich MG. “Antimicrobials, susceptibility testing, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in veterinary infection treatment”. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 43.5 (2013): 1079-1089.
  6. Lin CT and Petersen-Jones SM. “Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from corneal ulcers of dogs in Taiwan”. Journal of Small Animal Practice 48.5 (2007): 271-274.
  7. Hindley KE., et al. “Bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical characteristics of bacterial keratitis in dogs presenting to referral practice in Australia”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 19.5 (2016): 418-426.
  8. Gould D., et al. “Ocular bacteriology. In: Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 6th John Wiley and Sons, Ames, IA, USA (2021): 308-319.
  9. Suter A., et al. “Septic keratitis in dogs, cats, and horses in Switzerland: associated bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 21.1 (2018): 66-75.
  10. Sandmeyer LS., et al. “Alterations in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility during topical administration of ofloxacin after cataract surgery in dogs”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 78.2 (2017): 207-214.
  11. Jinks MR., et al. “Using minimum inhibitory concentration values of common topical antibiotics to investigate emerging antibiotic resistance: A retrospective study of 134 dogs and 20 horses with ulcerative keratitis”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 23.5 (2020): 806-813.
  12. Whitley DR. “Canine and Feline Primary Ocular Bacterial Infections”. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30.5 (2000): 1151-1167.
  13. Furiani N., et al. “Evaluation of the bacterial microflora of the conjunctival sac of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis”. Veterinary Dermatology 22.6 (2011): 490-496.
  14. Ollivier FJ. “Bacterial corneal diseases in dogs and cats”. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 2003;18 (3): 193-198.
  15. Galán A., et al. “Clinical findings and progression of 10 cases of equine ulcerative keratomycosis (2004-2007)”. Equine Veterinary Education 21.5 (2009): 236-242.
  16. Massa KL., et al. “Usefulness of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis in animals”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215.11 (1999): 1671-1674.
  17. Banks KC., et al. “Veterinary ocular microbiome: Lessons learned beyond the culture”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 22.5 (2019): 716-725.
  18. Martín R., et al. “The role of metagenomics in understanding the human microbiome in health and disease”. Virulence 5.3 (2014): 413-423.
  19. Morgan XC and Huttenhower C. “Human microbiome analysis”. PLOS Computational Biology 8.12 (2012): e1002808.
  20. Borroni D., et al. “Metagenomics in ophthalmology: current findings and future prospectives”. BMJ Open Ophthalmology 4.1 (2019): e000248-e000248.
  21. McLeod SD., et al. “Differential care of corneal ulcers in the community based on apparent severity”. Ophthalmology 103.3 (1996): 479-484.
  22. McDonnell PJ. “Empirical or culture-guided therapy for microbial keratitis?: A plea for data”. Archives of Ophthalmology 114.1 (1996): 84-87.
  23. Binder DR and Herring IP. “Duration of corneal anesthesia following topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride solution in clinically normal cats”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67.10 (2006): 1780-1782.
  24. McLeod SD., et al. “Reliability of Transport Medium in the Laboratory Evaluation of Corneal Ulcers”. American Journal of Ophthalmology 140.6 (2005): 1027-1031.
  25. Perry JL. “Assessment of swab transport systems for aerobic and anaerobic organism recovery”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35.5 (1997): 1269-1271.
  26. Sharma S., et al. “Comparison of clinical and microbiological profiles in smear-positive and smear-negative cases of suspected microbial keratitis”. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 55.1 (2007): 21-25.
  27. Ledbetter EC and Scarlett JM. “Isolation of obligate anaerobic bacteria from ulcerative keratitis in domestic animals”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 11.2 (2008): 114-122.
  28. Jeffery U., et al. “Ability of corneal cytology to predict bacterial culture results”. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 41.4 (2012): E49.
  29. Willcox MDP. “Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface”. Experimental Eye Research117 (2013): 99-105.
  30. Dong Q., et al. “Diversity of Bacteria at Healthy Human Conjunctiva”. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 52.8 (2011): 5408-5413.
  31. Thomason CA., et al. “Eye of the Finch: characterization of the ocular microbiome of house finches in relation to mycoplasmal conjunctivitis”. Environmental Microbiology4 (2017): 1439-1449.
  32. Alfano N., et al. “Variation in koala microbiomes within and between individuals: effect of body region and captivity status”. Scientific Reports1 (2015): 10189.
  33. Weese SJ., et al. “The oral and conjunctival microbiotas in cats with and without feline immunodeficiency virus infection”. Veterinary Research 46.1 (2015): 21.
  34. Leis ML and Costa MO. “Initial description of the core ocular surface microbiome in dogs: Bacterial community diversity and composition in a defined canine population”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 22.3 (2019): 337-344.
  35. LaFrentz S., et al. “Characterization of the normal equine conjunctival bacterial community using culture-independent methods”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 23.3 (2020): 480-488.

Citation

Citation: Haley E Jost., et al. “Bacterial Recovery from Canine Eyes with Complicated Corneal Ulcerations: Comparison of Direct Plating Versus Culturette Submission: A Pilot Study". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 4.3 (2022): 03-10.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Haley E Jost., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate35%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.008

Indexed In





News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is September 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US