Kanik^1,2, Birbal Singh¹, Jyoti B Dhar¹, Gauri Jairath¹, Rinku Sharma¹, Devi Gopinath¹, Neelam Sharma² and Gorakh Mal¹*

¹ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur (HP), India
²CSK HPKVV, Palampur (HP), India

*Corresponding Author: Gorakh Mal, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur (HP), India.

Received: October 12, 2021; Published: November 09, 2021

Abstract

Bovine milk has been an inordinate source of nutrition for majority of vegetarian population. The milk obtained from the “Himachali Pahari cow” of the hill region has been a boon not only in providing health benefits but also in improving the socio-economic status of the farming community. However, due to inaccessibility and geographical barriers, benefits of the Himachali Pahari cow milk are limited to certain regions only. Hence, the present study was conducted with the objective to investigate the antimicrobial potential of the fermented milk supplemented with various herbal extracts of harad (Terminalia chebula), baheda (Terminalia bellirica), amla (Emblica officinalis) and arjuna (Terminalia arjuna). Antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts supplemented fermented milk was evaluated against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, and Shigella flexneri. The fermented milk supplemented with aqueous harad extracts was found to be most effective against B. cereus and R. equi. Pepsin digested fermented milk supplemented with amla and arjuna exhibited comparable antimicrobial activity against R. equi. Results of the present study indicated that supplementation of fermented milk with various aqueous herbal extracts can enhance its antimicrobial potential and can be useful in boosting the immunity against various microbial infections.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity; Fermented Milk; Herbal Extracts; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Shigella flexneri; Bacillus cereus; Rhodococcus equi

References

1. Siro I., et al. “Review on Functional Food. Product Development, Marketing and Consumer Acceptance”. Appetite 51 (2008): 456-467.
2. Gortzi O., et al. “Development and evaluation of a phospholipid-sterol-protein membrane resembling system”. Food Biophysics 10 (2015): 300-308.
3. Saxelin M., et al. “Introduction: classifying functionaldairy products”. In: Mattila-Sandholm T, Saarela M, editors. Functional dairy foods. Boca Raton, FL, USA.: CRC Press (2003): 1-16.
4. Kamizake N K K., et al. “Determination of total proteins in cow milk powder samples: a comparative study between the Kjeldahl method and spectrophotometric methods”. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 16 (2003): 507-516.
5. Arqués JL., et al. “Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Dairy Products and Gut: Effect on Pathogens”. BioMed Research International (2015): 1-9.
6. Nagpal R., et al. “Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins and their health beneficial potential: An update”. Food and Function 2 (2011): 18-27.
7. Singh B., et al. “Potential therapeutic applications of some anti-nutritional plant secondary metabolites. Review”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (2003): 5579-5597.
8. Mal G., et al. “Milk composition, antioxidant activities and protein profile of Gaddi goat milk”. Journal of Food Biochemistry 42 (2018):
9. Sharma V., et al. “Antioxidative activity and protein profile of skim milk of Gaddi goats and hill cattle of North West Himalayan region”. Veterinary World10 (2019): 1535-1539.
10. Sharma V., et al. “Effect of Thermal Processing on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities in Different Milk Types". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences10 (2021): 70-79.
11. Sharma D., et al. “Degradation of euptox A by tannase-producing rumen bacteria from migratory goats”. Journal of Applied Microbiology 123 (2017): 1194-1202.
12. Linares D M., et al. “Lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria with Potential to design Natural Biofunctional Health-Promoting Dairy Foods”. Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (2017): 846.
13. Agarwal KN and Bhasin SK. “Feasibility studies to control acute diarrhoea in children by feeding fermented milk preparations Actimel and Indian Dahi”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (2002): 56-59.
14. Mohan V., et al. “Type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian youth”. Pediatric Diabetes 8 (2007): 28-34.
15. Perumalsamy R., et al. “Screening of 34 Indian medicinal plants for antibacterial properties”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology2 (1998): 173-182.
16. Anderson RA., et al. “Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases, a multifaceted family of signaling enzymes”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry15 (1999): 9907-9910.
17. Elizabeth KM. “Antimicrobial activity of Balanites roxburghii on certain human pathogenic microorganisms”. Asian Journalof Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 4 (2002): 515-519.
18. Elizabeth KM. “Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia bellerica”. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 20 (2005): 150-153.
19. Dwivedi S. “Terminalia arjuna wight and Arn- A useful drug for cardiovascular disorders”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 (2007): 114-129.
20. Ramya S., et al. “Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Bark, Root, Leaves and Fruits of Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn”. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12 (2008): 1192-1197.
21. Bin S., et al. “Potential application of spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives in cheese”. Journal of Medicinal Food 14 (2011): 284-290.
22. Mostafa MG., et al. “Antimicrobial activity of terminalia chebula”. International Journalof Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1 (2011): 175-179.
23. Hanifah R., et al. “Antimicrobial activity of goat milk yoghurt with addition of a probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus IIA - 2B4 and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) extract”. International Journal of Food Research6 (2016): 2638-2645.
24. David ADM., et al. “Antimicrobial activity of Embilica Officinalis extracts against selected bacterial pathogens”. International Journal of Basic and Applied Research 9 (2019): 325-330.
25. Balouiri M., et al. “Methods for in-vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 6 (2016): 71-79.
26. KanikJairath G., et al. “Antihypertensive activity of fermented milk containing various aqueous herbal extracts”. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 2 (2021): 326-331.
27. Parrot S., et al. “In vitro study on digestion of peptides in Emmental cheese: Analytical evaluation and influence on angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides”. Nahrung/Food 47 (2003): 87-94.
28. Hudzicki J. “Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Protocol” (2009).
29. Nagar S., et al. “Antimicrobial and phytochemical analysis of Triphala and comparison with its individual constituents”. National Journal of Life Sciences 8 (2011): 101-103.
30. Malekzadeh F., et al. “Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebulaRetz) against Helicobacter pylori”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 18 (2001): 85-88.
31. Ghosh A., et al. “Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts”. Journal of NaturalMedicines 62 (2008): 259-262.
32. Kannan P., et al. “Antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebulafruit extract”. African Journal of Microbiology Research 3 (2009): 180-184. 
33. Mandal S., et al. “Analysis of phytochemical profile of Terminalia arjuna bark extract with antioxidative and antimicrobial properties”. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine12 (2013). 960-966.
34. Javale P and Sabnis S. “Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis of Emblica officinalis”. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences (2010): 91-95.
35. Saradha Jyothi K and Subba Rao B. “Screening of antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis fruits”. Pharmacology Online 3 (2011): 848-852.
36. Sato Y., et al. “Extraction and purification of effective antimicrobial constituents of Terminalia chebula Against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 4 (1997): 401-404
37. Patil Satyajit AA., et al. “In vitro antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract by tube Dilution Method”. International Journal of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2 (2012): 49-51.

Citation

Citation: Gorakh Mal., et al. “Antimicrobial Activity of Fermented Milk Containing Various Aqueous Herbal Extracts". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 3.12 (2021): 12-20.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Gorakh Mal., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.