Abstract

  Infertility is a reproductive system pathology defined by absence of pregnancy, without contraception, after at least 12 months of frequent sexual intercourse. Male infertility affects 10 to 15 per cent of men of reproductive age and impacts more than 50 per cent of cases of infertility, whether or not associated with a female cause. Thanks to the introduction of new concepts and medical progress at the diagnostic and the therapeutic levels, the management of male infertility constantly evolves. It is difficult to identify the causes of male infertility, since it is often complex and related. They may contribute to the different stages of sperm production and/or transport of spermatozoa, and may be acquired or congenital. The involvement of the environment in male infertility has been the subject of a lot of research for several years. When a man is treated for infertility, all factors which may affect fertility must be considered and a full assessment must be made. Exploration must begin with an interrogation and a clinical examination. The first thing to do is to suggest a semen analysis, as known as spermogram. More specialized sperm tests can help refine the diagnosis. Medical imagery, hormonal examination and genetic testing are needed in some situations. Etiological management of male infertility is sometimes possible. In the absence of a known cause, symptomatic treatments are available. Medically assisted procreation techniques are offered as a last resort. After conducting several researches in MEDLINE (PubMed), UpToDate, this article will review male infertility and its causes, semen analysis, the etiology and mechanisms of sperm DNA damage, genetic defects, and improvement of male infertility factor within ICSI.

Keywords: Male Infertility; Sperm Testing and Semen Analysis; Sperm morphology; The Genetic Control of Male Infertility and Understanding the Y chromosome; Sperm DNA testing on male infertility. Chromosomal Abnormalities and DNA Damage; Etiologies Immune Infertility; Oxidative Stress; Genetic Defects; Improvement of Male Infertility Factor in ICSI

References

1. World Health Organization. World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 5. Geneva, Swtizerland: World Health Organization (2010).
2. Carlsen E., et al. “Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years”. British Medical Journal 305 (1992): 609-613.
3. Swan SH., et al. “Geographic differences in semen quality of fertile U.S. males”. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (2003): 414-420.
4. Baker HWG., et al. “Testicular vein ligation and fertility in men with varicoceles”. British Medical Journal 291 (1985): 1678-1680.
5. Rodriguez-Ragui LJ., et al. “Relationship of varicocele to sperm output and fertility of male partners in infertile couples”. Journal of Urology 120 (1978): 691-694.
6. Polge C. “Low-temperature storage of mammalian spermatozoa”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 147 (1957): 498-508.
7. Bunge RG and Sherman JK. “Fertilizing capacity of frozen human spermatozoa”. Nature 172 (1953): 767-768.
8. Brinster RL. “Male germline stem cells: from mice to men”. Science 316 (2007): 404-405.
9. Bahadur G., et al. “Testicular tissue cryopreservation in boys. Ethical and legal issues: case report”. Human Reproduction 15 (2000): 1416-1420.
10. Keel BA and Webster BW. “CRC handbook of the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of infertility”. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1990).
11. Mortimer D. “Practical laboratory andrology”. Oxford University Press, New York (1994)
12. Morshedi M., et al. “Cryopreserved/thawed semen for in vitro fertilization: results from fertile donors and infertile patients”. Fertility and Sterility 54 (1990): 1093-1099.
13. Oshima H and Burger HG. “Current topics in andrology”. Japan Society of Andrology, Tokyo (1993).
14. Hallak J., et al. “Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa: comparison of TESTyolk buffer and glycerol”. International Journal of Fertility 1 (2000): 38-42.
15. Bhattacharya J., et al. “A comparative study on TEST-yolk buffer and human sperm preservation medium on post thaw characteristics of human sperm from prefreeze specimens”. Fertility and Sterility 86 (2006): S200.
16. Hammadeh M., et al. “Comparison between human sperm preservation medium and TEST-yolk buffer on protecting chromatin and morphology integrity of human spermatozoa in fertile and subfertile men after freeze-thawing procedure”. Journal of Andrology 6 (2001): 1012-1018.
17. Ioannou D., et al. “Impact of sperm DNA chromatin in the clinic”. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 33 (2016): 157-166.
18. Esteves SC., et al. “An update on the clinical assessment of the infertile male”. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 66 (2011): 691-700.
19. Agarwal A., et al. “Assessing sperm function”. Urologic Clinics of North America 35 (2008): 157-171.
20. Esteves SC., et al. “Critical appraisal of World Health Organization's new reference values for human semen characteristics and effect on diagnosis and treatment of subfertile men”. Urology 79 (2012): 16-22.
21. Fraser L. “Structural damage to nuclear DNA in mammalian spermatozoa: its evaluation techniques and relationship with male infertility”. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 7 (2004): 311-321.
22. Shamsi MB., et al. “Evaluation of nuclear DNA damage in human spermatozoa in men opting for assisted reproduction”. Indian Journal of Medical Research 127 (2008): 115-123.
23. Mandelbaum SL., et al. “The impact of antisperm antibodies on human infertility”. Journal of Urology 138 (1987): 1-8.
24. Chiu WW and Chamley LW. “Clinical associations and mechanisms of action of antisperm antibodies”. Fertility and Sterility 82 (2004): 529-535.
25. Hamada A., et al. “Empirical treatment of low-level leukocytospermia with doxycycline in male infertility patients”. Urology 78 (2011): 1320-1325.
26. Weber RF., et al. “Clinical laboratory evaluation of male subfertility”. Advances in Clinical Chemistry 40 (2005): 317-364.
27. Jensen M., et al. “Frequent polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma gene (POLG) in patients with normal spermiograms and unexplained subfertility”. Human Reproduction 19 (2004): 65-70.
28. Aitken RJ and Krausz C. “Oxidative stress, DNA damage and the Y chromosome”. Reproduction 122 (2001): 497-506.

Citation

Citation: Mustafa Zakaria., et al. “Male Infertility According to the WHO, Semen Analysis 2010, DNA Exploitation, Genetic Tests and Functional Examination". Acta Scientific Reproductive Biology 1.1 (2020): 01-08.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Mustafa Zakaria., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.