Acta Scientific Pharmacology

Research Article Volume 3 Issue 5

Side effects of Apranax (Naproxen) Studied on Ants as Models

Marie-Claire Cammaerts*

Independent Researcher, Retired from the Biology of Organisms Department, University of Brussels, Belgium

*Corresponding Author: Marie-Claire Cammaerts, Independent Researcher, Retired from the Biology of Organisms Department, University of Brussels, Belgium.

Received: April 07, 2022 Published: April 29, 2022

Abstract

On ants used as models, the anti-inflammatory drug Apranax (the active substance of which is Naproxen) appeared to have more, and more severe, adverse effects than those people can easily find, e.g. in the notice for use and on several internet sites. Indeed, this drug impacted the ants’ food intake, locomotion, sensory perception, social relationships, cognition, and short-term memory. No adaptation occurred to Apranax side effects. Habituation to its wanted analgesic effect occurred. Ants acquired need of water, and developed some dependence on this drug consumption. After its consumption was stopped, the effect of Apranax vanished in a total of 12-13 hours, rapidly decreasing soon after weaning. Such adverse effects may exist for humans. Therefore, all the above information should be known by practitioners who should monitor their patients treated with Apranax (Naproxen) as for their food intake, movements, sensory perception, social interactions, cognitive abilities, memorization, dehydration, dependence on the drug consumption, among others. The practitioners should use the smallest dose and the shortest treatment time possible for sufficiently care of their patients. Provided that these advices are taken into account, Apranax (Naproxen) could be used since, despite its numerous, severe and not adequately divulgated adverse effects, it is one of the most efficient anti-inflammatory drug.

Keywords: Addiction; Cognition; Myrmica sabuleti; Sensory Perception; Social Interaction

References

  1. Davies NM., et al. “Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Naproxen”. Clinical Pharmacokinetic 32 (1977): 268-293.
  2. Cammaerts MC. “Some findings on ants as models, which should be considered for caring of humans”. MOJ Biology and Medicine5 (2017): 00027.
  3. Cammaerts MC. “Ants as models for examining potential adverse effects of products used by humans”. JSM Anatomy and Physiology1 (2018): 1016.
  4. Cammaerts MC. “Brief report of the effects of seven human drugs studied on ants as models”. MOJ Biology and Medicine2 (2019): 42-47.
  5. Cammaerts MC. “Harmful effects of humans’ environmental factors and drugs, and advices for a safer live; a study on ants as models”. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences1 (2021): 34-45.
  6. Cammaerts MC. “Side effects of drugs studied on ant models: a mini review”. MOJ Biology and Medicine1 (2022): 1-7.
  7. Lamounette B. “Anatomie et PhysIologie animals”. Hachette Bnf, Sciences (2014): 308.
  8. Russell WMS., et al. “The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique”. Johns Hopkins University (2014).
  9. Wolf FW., et al. “Invertebrate models of drug abuse”. Journal of Neurobiology 54 (2003): 161-178.
  10. Andre RG., et al. ”Insect Models for Biomedical Research”. In: Woodhead AD, editor. “Non mammalian Animal Models for Biomedical Research”. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1989).
  11. Passera L. et al. ”Les fourmis: comportement, organisation sociale et évolution”. Les Presses Scientifiques du CNRC, Ottawa, Canada (2005): 480.
  12. Hölldobler, B. et al. “The ants”. Harvard University Press, Springer-Verlag Berlin, (1990): 732.
  13. Cammaerts MC. et al. “Comparative outlook over three Myrmica species’ biotopes and foragers’ know-how”. Biologia 69 (2014): 1051-1058.
  14. Cammaerts MC., et al. “Ontogenesis of ants’ cognitive abilities (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)”. Advanced Studies in Biology 7 (2015): 335-348 + synopsis: 349-350.
  15. Cammaerts MC., et al. “Are ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) capable of self recognition?”. Journal of Sciences7 (2015): 521-532.
  16. Cammaerts MC., et al. “Ants’numerosity ability defined in nine studies”. Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 1 (2020): 121-142.
  17. Cammaerts MC., et al. “Summary of seven more studies on numerosity abilities in an ant, four of them relating to human competence”. Journal of Biology and Life Sciences2 (2020): 296-326.
  18. Cammaerts MC., et al. “A synthesis of six recent studies on numerosity abilities in an ant”. Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 1 (2022): 1-23.
  19. Cammaerts MC., et al. “Non-numerical distance and size effects in an ant”. Journal of Biology and Life Sciences2 (2020): 13-35.
  20. Cammaerts MC., et al. “Weber’s law applied to the ants’ visual perception”. Journal of Biology and Life Sciences2 (2020): 36-61.
  21. Siegel S., et al. “Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences”. Singapore, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1989).
  22. Cammaerts MC. “Physical dependence on a substance occurs when the effect of this substance rapidly decreases after withdrawal”. JSM Anatomy and Physiology1 (2018): 1017.
  23. Todd PA., et al. “Naproxen. A reappraisal of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in rheumatic diseases and pain states”. Drugs 1990 (2012): 91-137.
  24. Brogden RN., et al. “Naproxen up to date: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy and use in rheumatic diseases and pain states”. Evaluation of New Drugs 18 (2012): 241-277.
  25. Chuthamanee C., et al. “Meta analysis of the efficacy and safety of Naproxen sodium in the acute treatment of migraine”. 50.5 (2010): 808-818.
  26. Kivitz AJ., et al. “Efficacy and safety of tanezumab versus naproxen in the treatment of chronic low back pain”. Pain 7 (2013): 1009-1021.
  27. Bombardier C., et al. “Comparison of Upper Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Rofecoxib and Naproxen in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis”. New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000): 1520-1528.
  28. Kivitz A., et al. “Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing efficacy and safety of valdecoxib with naproxen in patients with osteoarthritis”. The Journal of Family Practice6 (2002): 530-537.
  29. Whelton A., et al. “Effects of Celecoxib and Naproxen on Renal Function in the Elderly”. Archives of Internal Medicine10 (2000): 1465-1479.
  30. Cordaro CI. et al. “Efficacy and Tolerance of Naproxen Instant Suspension Formulation: A Post-Marketing Survey”. Journal of International Medical Research (1988): 157-165.
  31. Isidori M., et al. “Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products”. Science of the Total Environment13 (2005): 93-101.
  32. Cory WC., et al. “Naproxen and Its Phototransformation Products: Persistence and Ecotoxicity to Toad Tadpoles (Anaxyrus terrestris), Individually and in Mixtures”. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9 (2019): 2008-2019.
  33. Wennmalm A. et al. “Public Health Care Management of Water Pollution with Pharmaceuticals: Environmental Classification and Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Water”. Drug Information Journal : DIJ / Drug Information Association 39 (2005): 291-297.
  34. Jayaswal K., et al. “Water pollution, human health and remediation”. Chap 2 of “Water remediation, energy, environment, and sustainability”. Eds Bhattacharya S. et al., Springer Nature, Singapore Pte Ltd, (2018).

Citation

Citation: Marie-Claire Cammaerts. “Side effects of Apranax (Naproxen) Studied on Ants as Models". Acta Scientific Pharmacology 3.5 (2022): 15-30.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Marie-Claire Cammaerts. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate36%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In


News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US