R Yasodai¹* and M Kavimani²

¹Department of Anatomy Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
²Professor of Anatomy, Sri Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India

*Corresponding Author: R Yasodai, Department of Anatomy Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, India.

Received: April 27, 2021; Published: May 11, 2021

Abstract

  The out breaks of COVID-19 and rapid spread from December 2019, it has been largely influenced by multi-organ and system involved that leads to severe mortality rate in the wide population. Most of the cases causes Acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, liver damage, shock, and multi-organ failure have precipitated death. COVID-19 is therefore crucial in the clinical management of patients. The main aims of this article to add onto the emerging of medical knowledge on COVID-19, encapsulating its multi-organ failures and its related issues.

Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid 19); Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS); Gadto Intestine (GI)

Introduction

  Covid-19 stands for Corona virus disease of 2019. It was first reported in the WUHAN city china in the year 2019 December. Later on it is transmit through air various continent and causes severe death in various age population. initially mainly affect the respiratory system causes breathing difficulty and then later stage affects the multi organs of the body. Disturbances of coagulation and vascular endothelium are common but may not lead to symptoms in early stages. They contribute to injury to multiple organs. Cardiac and renal dysfunction is common among the patients who die. Injury to the organs may become apparent long after the acute infection has subsided. Different organs may be affected at different times. Chronic injury may occur. Rehabilitation can be long and difficult.

  In COVID-19 patients cases, the most common clinical features initially affected were fever, fatigue, dry cough, anorexia, dyspnea, and sputum production. Other cohort studies have reported a similar range of clinical findings like Headache, sore throat and rhinorrhea, anosmia [1,7].

  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and among these, 65% rapidly worsened and died from multiple organ failure. In a study focusing on the associated risk factors, ARDS was greatly associated with older age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension and also lower zone consolidation (chest x-ray).

The exact mechanism of cardiovascular system involvement. In COVID-19, cardiac problems can occur in the absence of pulmonary or various other complications.

  Ischemic cardiac injury can occur coronary artery disease (CAD) during covid. The primary cause of plaque rupture and thrombosis. The last one is due to inadequate oxygen content. For acute coronary syndrome, due to plaque rupture, antiplatelet formation and anticoagulation formation.

For older patients, CAD or hypertension, heart failure may be caused.

Myocarditis is more likely the cause in younger patients. Arrhythmias due to inflammation, myocarditis, hypoxemia, metabolic abnormalities, or medications [1,2].

COVID-19 can also have adverse effects on cardiovascular, causing or aggravating damage to the heart [3-5].

  In COVID-19 Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, discomfort and pain. These symptoms with or without other such as fever, myalgias, and cough due to an overactive immune system and causing liver damage [10].

  In COVID-19 virus is found in cells of glomerular, tubular epithelium and podocytes. Acute kidney injury is commonly secondary abnormalities including diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hypoxemia, and coagulopathy. It can cause drastic hypo-perfusion and rhabdomyolysis [9,11].

  In COVID-19 affects cerebral cortex and brain stem. Some patients have meningitis and encephalitis indicating viral invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) and Neurological manifestations causes include dizziness, headache, impaired consciousness including confusion, delirium, and inability [6].

  Many psychological problems causes financial difficulties and social isolation. The major risk is among persons with dementia, mental illness, and psychological problem. Friendliness and support professionals is beneficial and helpful remedy for the post treatment people. Some patients who recover from COVID-19 causes mental health illness, anxiety, mental stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder [12] in future, may be development of Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease.

Conclusions

  Covid19 adversely affect virtually every system of the body like Inflammation, platelet activation, more coagulability, endothelial dysfunction blood vessels, stasis, hypoxia, and muscle immobilization contribute to the complications. The lungs infection, Acute coronary disease, heart failure, and myocarditis. Smell less and tasteless are observed mostly noted in first wave of covid. GI and Psychological problems are common. Patchy erythematous rash (butterfly rash) is the most common skin.

Acknowledgment

  Acknowledging this could help in the management of individual patients, minimizing the risk of decompensation. Along side the rapid pace at which scientific results are shared, to add onto the ever-emerging landscape of medical knowledge on COVID-19.

References

1. Ackermann M., et al. “Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19”. The New England Journal of Medicine 383 (2020): 120-128.
2. Creel-Bulos C., et al. “Acute cor pulmonale in critically ill patients with Covid-19”. The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): e70.
3. Zhang Y., et al. “Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19”. The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): e38.
4. Waleed Alhazzani., et al. “Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”. Intensive Care Medicine 46 (2020): 854-887.
5. Paranjpe I., et al. “Association of treatment dose anticoagulation with in-hospital survival among hospitalized patients with COVID-19”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 76 (2020): 122-124.
6. Barton L., et al. “COVID-19 autopsies, Oklahoma, USA”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 153 (2020): 725-733.
7. Hariri L and Hardin C. “Covid-19, angiogenesis, and ARDS endotypes”. The New England Journal of Medicine 383 (2020): 182-183.
8. Marini J and Gattinoni L. “Management of COVID-19 respiratory distress”. JAMA 383 (2020): 182-183.
9. Hirsch J., et al. “Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19’. Kidney International 98 (2020): 209-218.
10. Han C., et al. “Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes”. American Journal of Gastroenterology 115 (2020): 916-923.
11. Parasa S., et al. “Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal viral shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. A systematic review and meta-analysis”. JAMA 3 (2020): e2011335.
12. Pfefferbaum B and North C. “Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic”. The New England Journal of Medicine 383 (2020): 510-512.

Citation

Citation: R Yasodai and M Kavimani. “Review on Covid 19 In-correlation with Multi-organ Responses".Acta Scientific Pharmacology 2.6 (2020): 17-19.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 R Yasodai and M Kavimani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.