Shaurya Mahajan¹*, Anushka Bodahanapati^1-3, Aarush Katta¹, Eda Aydemir^1,4, Alexandra Mendoza^1,5, Charles Vigilia,¹ Kenneth Blum^3,6-10, David Baron^6,11, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski^12-14, Rajendra D Badgaiyan¹⁵ and Keerthy Sunder^1,3,16

¹Division of Clinical Neuromodulation Research, Karma TMS, Palm Springs, CA, USA
²Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
³Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
⁴Department of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
⁵Department of Applied Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
⁶Western University Health Science Centers, Graduate College, Pompano, CA, USA
⁷Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
⁸Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
⁹Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
¹⁰Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
¹¹Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA., USA
¹²Division of Personalized Pain Therapy Research, Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
¹³Department of Orthopaedics, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
¹⁴Department of Orthopedics, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée Guinle Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
¹⁵Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai University School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
¹⁶Department of Psychiatry, University of California: Riverside, UC Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA

*Corresponding Author: Shaurya Mahajan, Division of Clinical Neuromodulation Research, Karma TMS, Palm Springs, CA, USA.

Received: January 23, 2025; Published: February 24, 2025

Abstract

This study provides further evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of PrTMS® treatment in co-occurring disorders. Furthermore, this study illustrates the benefit of augmenting PrTMS® with tPBM for superior outcomes. The positive results of this novel case study can be attributed to brain wave neuromodulation and increased neuronal ATP production, resulting in synergistic enhanced neuroplasticity and brain optimization. Further, large-scale, randomized and blinded studies are recommended to validate our promising preliminary observations utilizing multifaceted interventions for co-occurring disorders.

 Keywords: Personalized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (PrTMS®); Spectral Electroencephalography (EEG); Neurocognitive Psychometric Diagnostics; Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM); Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI); Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ; Co-Occurring Disorders

References

1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation - Mayo Clinic (2023).
2. Makale MT., et al. “Personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation guided by the spectral electroencephalogram may enhance and democratize therapy for autism spectrum disorder”. Medical Hypotheses 186 (2024): 111333.
3. Hodaj H., et al. “Therapeutic impact of motor cortex rTMS in patients with chronic neuropathic pain even in the absence of an analgesic response. A case report”. Neurophysiologie Clinique5 (2018): 303-308.
4. Ippolito G., et al. “The role of alpha oscillations among the main neuropsychiatric disorders in the adult and developing human brain: evidence from the last 10 years of research”. Biomedicines12 (2022): 3189.
5. Makale MT., et al. “Personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (PrTMS^®) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military combat veterans”. Heliyon8 (2023).
6. Makale MT., et al. “Preliminary Observations of Personalized Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation (PrTMS) Guided by EEG Spectra for Concussion”. Brain Science8 (2023): 1179.
7. Askalsky Paula and Dan V Iosifescu. "Transcranial photobiomodulation for the management of depression: current perspectives”. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (2019): 3255-3272.
8. Salehpour F., et al. “Brain photobiomodulation therapy: a narrative review”. Molecular Neurobiology 55 (2018): 6601-6636.
9. Maiello M., et al. “Transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light for generalized anxiety disorder: a pilot study”. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery10 (2019): 644-650.
10. Dole M., et al. “A systematic review of the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain activity in humans”. Reviews in Neurosciences 6 (2023): 671-693.
11. Shen Q., et al. “Photobiomodulation for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Scoping Review”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences3 (2024): 1625.
12. Deary IJ., et al. “A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: the Deary-Liewald reaction time task”. Behavior Research Methods 43 (2011): 258-268.
13. Davranche K., et al. “Effect of acute exercise on cognitive control required during an Eriksen flanker task”. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31.5 (2009): 628-639.
14. Lupiáñez J. “Inhibition of return”. Attention and Time (2010): 17-34.
15. Bowie CR and Harvey PD. “Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test”. Nature Protocols 5 (2006): 2277-2281.
16. Manly T., et al. “Not enough time or not enough attention? Speed, error and self-maintained control in the Sustained Attention to Response Test (SART)”. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment: An International Journal for Research and Clinical Practice 3 (2000): 167-177.
17. Britton JW., et al. “Electroencephalography (EEG): An Introductory Text and Atlas of Normal and Abnormal Findings in Adults, Children, and Infants”. Chicago: American Epilepsy Society (2016).
18. Jasper HH. “The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation”. Electroencephalogram Clinical Neurophysiology 10 (1958): 371-375.
19. Kumar JS and Bhuvaneswari P. “Analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) signals and its categorization–a study”. Procedia Engineering 38 (2012): 2525-2536.
20. Kallioniemi E., et al. “TMS-EEG responses across the lifespan: measurement, methods for characterization and identified responses”. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 366 (2022): 109430.
21. Talesh Alireza., et al. “Balance-energy of resting state network in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Scientific Reports (2023): 13.
22. Makeig S., et al. “Awareness during drowsiness: dynamics and electrophysiological correlates”. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale 54.4 (2000):
23. Goldberg E. “The executive brain: Frontal lobes and the civilized mind”. Oxford University Press, USA (2001).
24. Roberts RM., et al. “Relationship Between Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Findings and Cognition Following Pediatric TBI: A Meta-Analytic Review”. Dev Neuropsychol3 (2016): 176-200.
25. Reimherr FW., et al. “Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD and response to atomoxetine”. Biological Psychiatry2 (2005): 125-131.
26. Mosilhy EA., et al. “Non-invasive transcranial brain modulation for neurological disorders treatment: a narrative review”. Life Sciences 307 (2022): 120869.
27. Khoodoruth MAS., et al. “Glutamatergic system in depression and its role in neuromodulatory techniques optimization”. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 (2022): 886918.
28. Hao W., et al. “Efficacy of transcranial photobiomodulation in the treatment for major depressive disorder: A TMS‐EEG and pilot study”. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine2 (2024): e12957.

Citation

Citation: Shaurya Mahajan., et al. “Personalized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (PrTMS^®) Coupled with Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) For Co-Occurring Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)”. Acta Scientific Neurology 8.3 (2025): 20-27.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2025 Shaurya Mahajan., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.