Kenneth Blum^1-6,12*, Igor Elman^7,8, David Baron², Abdalla Bowirrat⁴, Panayotis K Thanos⁹, Eric R Braverman¹, Elizabeth D Gilley¹, Milan T Makale^10,14, Keerthy Sunder^11,12, Kevin Murphy¹³ and Rajendra D Badgaiyan¹⁴

¹The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, USA
²Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
³Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
⁴Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
⁵Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT., USA
⁶Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH., USA
⁷Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA., USA
⁸Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA., USA
⁹Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
¹⁰Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA., USA
¹¹Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
¹²Division of Personalized Electrotherapy, The Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA., USA
¹³PeakLogic Inc., Del Mar, CA., USA
¹⁴Department of Psychiatry, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX., USA

*Corresponding Author: Kenneth Blum, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, USA.

Received: June 02, 2023; Published: July 30, 2023

Abstract

There were approximately 100,306 drug overdose deaths in the United States (US) during a 12-month period that ended in April 2021, which is a 28.5% increase when compared to the 78,056 deaths that occurred during the same period the year before and new drug czar’s projection of the annual number of overdose deaths to reach 165,000 by 2025. One of the novel conceptualizations, suggested for inclusion in the DSM, is the “preaddiction” construct, as it is juxtaposed to “prediabetes”. While prediabetes is a manifestation of failing homeostatic function, preaddiction may be linked to closely related hedonostatic derailments, namely, hypodopaminergia in the meso-limbic brain reward circuitry, as well as the associated opioidergic-, serotonergic-, cannabinergic, GABA-ergic, glutaminergic, and cholinergic abnormalities and clinical manifestations, collectively termed reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). A few naysayers have argued that Pre-addiction is not real. One potential explanation for this argument is that there is a disconnect in understanding that the term “addiction” is misunderstood, and it refers to a predisposition linked to DNA polymorphic antecedents and even epigenetic methylation causing dopamine dysregulation. There is also an argument with very little evidence, that objective genetic addiction risk testing is akin to “rolling the dice”. We disagree with this non-factual retort and provide scientific evidence to support the potential benefits of our laboratories developed Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test.

Keywords: Genetic; Preaddiction; DNA

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Citation

Citation: Kenneth Blum., et al. “Genetic Addiction Risk Testing to Identify Preaddiction: Reality or Rolling the Dice". Acta Scientific Neurology 6.8 (2023): 54-60.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Kenneth Blum., et al This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.