Acta Scientific Neurology (ASNE) (ISSN: 2582-1121)

Review Article Volume 6 Issue 5

Pituitary Stem Cells: What We Know So Far (Part 2)

Ömer Sönmez, Duru Baykal and Aydin Sav*

Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology

*Corresponding Author: Aydin Sav, Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology.

Received: March 14, 2023; Published: April 23, 2023

Abstract

The hypophysis is a pea-sized gland located in the sella turcica. The gland's primary function is to regulate the hormonal activity, which is controlled by the outputs received from the hypothalamus. These highly capable cells are derived from pituitary stem cells (PSCs) during the embryogenesis. The previous articles prove that the stem cells are a potential treatment option for a wide spectrum of pathologies. However, it is also undeniable that more research must be done to improve our knowledge of PSCs and to integrate PSCs into our treatment strategies. Our article summarizes and presents the latest findings regarding the biological properties of PSCs. The following review letter focuses on the stemness markers in the pituitary, the differences between the neonatal and adult hypophysis, biologic properties of pituitary diseases, latest approaches, and future aspects of PSCs. The discussed stem cell markers are SOX2, Nestin, Sca-1, E-cadherin, S100, Prop1, Oct4, Bmi1, CD133, Beta-catenin, Pax6, Notch2, Notch3, Pit1, p57, TpiT, and AIP. Beside the roles of stemness markers, the latest advancements concerning the PSCs such as CRISPR/Cas9 technique and organoid formation are reviewed.

Keywords: Pituitary Stem Cells; Hypothalamus; CRISPR/Cas9; Anterior Pituitary

References

  1. Krylyshkina O., et al. “Nestin-immunoreactive cells in rat pituitary are neither hormonal nor typical folliculo-stellate cells”. Endocrinology5 (2005): 2376-2387.
  2. Sav A. “Stemness Markers and Biomarkers of Pituitary Cytogenesis: Current Armamentarium of Molecular Targets”. Austin Biomarkers and Diagnosis 1 (2014): 3.
  3. Castinetti F., et al. “Pituitary stem cell update and potential implications for treating hypopituitarism”. Endocrine Reviews 4 (2011): 453-471.
  4. Vankelecom H and Gremeaux L. “Stem cells in the pituitary gland: A burgeoning field”. General and Comparative Endocrinology 3 (2010): 478-488.
  5. Le Tissier PR., et al. “A New Perspective on Regulation of Pituitary Plasticity: The Network of SOX2-Positive Cells May Coordinate Responses to Challenge”. Endocrinology 8 (2022): bqac089.
  6. Jayakody SA., et al. “SOX2 regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis at multiple levels”. Journal of Clinical Investigation 10 (2012): 3635-3646.
  7. Sav A. “Pituitary Stem/Progenitor Cells: Their Enigmatic Roles in Embryogenesis and Pituitary Neoplasia - A Review Article. Pituitary Stem/Progenitor Cells: Their Enigmatic Roles in Embryogenesis and Pituitary Neoplasia - A Review Article. Published online (2014).
  8. Bernal A and Arranz L. “Nestin-expressing progenitor cells: function, identity and therapeutic implications”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 12 (2018): 2177-2195.
  9. Lendahl U., et al. “CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein”. Cell 4 (1990): 585-595.
  10. Van Roy F and Berx G. “The cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 23 (2008): 3756-3788.
  11. Davis SW., et al. “All Hormone-Producing Cell Types of the Pituitary Intermediate and Anterior Lobes Derive From Prop1-Expressing Progenitors”. Endocrinology4 (2016): 1385-1396.
  12. Xu Q., et al. “Isolation of tumour stem-like cells from benign tumours”. British Journal of Cancer 2 (2009): 303-311.
  13. Yunoue S., et al. “Identification of CD133+ cells in pituitary adenomas”. Neuroendocrinology 4 (2021): 302-312.
  14. Valenta T., et al. “The many faces and functions of β-catenin”. EMBO Journal12 (2012): 2714-2736.
  15. Chauhan BK., et al. “Identification of genes downstream of Pax6 in the mouse lens using cDNA microarrays”. Journal of Biological Chemistry 13 (2022): 11539-11548.
  16. Raetzman LT., et al. “Developmental regulation of Notch signaling genes in the embryonic pituitary: Prop1 deficiency affects Notch2 expression”. Developmental Biology 2 (2004): 329-340.
  17. Nantie LB., et al. “Notch signaling in postnatal pituitary expansion: proliferation, progenitors, and cell specification”. Molecular Endocrinology 5 (2014): 731-744.
  18. Miao Z., et al. “Overexpression of the Notch3 receptor in non-functioning pituitary tumours”. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 1 (2012): 107-110.
  19. Szeto DP., et al. “P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 15 (1996): 7706-7710.
  20. Tatsumi K and Amino N. “PIT1 abnormality”. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 9 (1999): 18-23.
  21. Palmieri D., et al. “PIT1 upregulation by HMGA proteins has a role in pituitary tumorigenesis”. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2 (2012): 123-135.
  22. Creff J and Besson A. “Functional Versatility of the CDK Inhibitor p57Kip2”. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 8 (2020): 584590.
  23. Laporte E., et al. “Pituitary Remodeling Throughout Life: Are Resident Stem Cells Involved?” Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) 11 (2021): 604519.
  24. Zhu X., et al. “Molecular physiology of pituitary development: signaling and transcriptional networks”. Physiological Reviews 3 (2007): 933-963.
  25. Davis SW., et al. “Pituitary gland development and disease: from stem cell to hormone production”. Current Topics in Developmental Biology 106 (2013): 1-47.
  26. Kelberman D., et al. “Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse”. Endocrine Reviews 7 (2009): 790-829.
  27. Laporte E., et al. “Decoding the activated stem cell phenotype of the neonatally maturing pituitary”. E-Life 11 (2022): e75742.
  28. Fontaine R., et al. “Plasticity in medaka gonadotropes via cell proliferation and phenotypic conversion”. Journal of Endocrinology 1 (2020): 21-37.
  29. Cónsole GM., et al. “Immunohistochemical and radioimmunological assessment of thyrotrophs in the pituitary of aging rats”. Acta Anatomica (Basel)1 (1995): 28-32.
  30. Kurosumi K., et al. “Immunoelectron microscopic studies of gonadotrophs in the male and female rat anterior pituitaries, with special reference to their changes with aging”. Archives of Histology and Cytology 5 (1991): 559-571.
  31. Cónsole GM., et al. “Immunohistochemical and radioimmunological study of pituitary gonadotrophs during aging in male rats”. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2 (1994): 87-95.
  32. Cónsole GM., et al. “Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of pituitary folliculostellate cells during aging in rats”. Cells Tissues Organs 1 (2000): 25-32.
  33. Zhu X., et al. “Notch-Dependent Pituitary SOX2 (+) Stem Cells Exhibit a Timed Functional Extinction in Regulation of the Postnatal Gland”. Stem Cell Reports6 (2015): 1196-1209.
  34. Kominami R., et al. “Proliferating cells in the rat anterior pituitary during the postnatal period: immunoelectron microscopic observations using monoclonal anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody”. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 3 (2003): 223-233.
  35. Carbajo-Pérez E and Watanabe YG. “Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary of the rat during the postnatal period”. Cell and Tissue Research 2 (1990): 333-338.
  36. Zhang S., et al. “Single-cell transcriptomics identifies divergent developmental lineage trajectories during human pituitary development”. Nature Communications 1 (2020): 5275.
  37. Pérez Millán MI., et al. “PROP1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in pituitary stem cells”. E-Life 5 (2016): e14470.
  38. Yoshida S., et al. “EMT Involved in Migration of Stem/Progenitor Cells for Pituitary Development and Regeneration”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 4 (2016): 43.
  39. Fu Q., et al. “The adult pituitary shows stem/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration”. Endocrinology7 (2012): 3224-3235.
  40. Vennekens A., et al. “Interleukin-6 is an activator of pituitary stem cells upon local damage, a competence quenched in the aging gland”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 25 (2021): e2100052118.
  41. Gremeaux L., et al. “Activated phenotype of the pituitary stem/progenitor cell compartment during the early-postnatal maturation phase of the gland”. Stem Cells and Development 5 (2012): 801-813.
  42. Rose-John S. “Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines”. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 (2018): a028415.
  43. Zhu X., et al. “Sustained Notch signaling in progenitors is required for sequential emergence of distinct cell lineages during organogenesis”. Genes and Development 19 (2006): 2739-2753.
  44. Aydin Sav., et al. “Perspectives in Pituitary Stem Cells: Their Biologic Properties in Pituitary Diseases, Latest Approaches, and Future Aspects". Acta Scientific Neurology3 (2023): 23-25.
  45. Zanconato F., et al. “YAP/TAZ at the Roots of Cancer”. Cancer Cell6 (2016): 783-803.
  46. Li L and Papadopoulos V. “Advances in stem cell research for the treatment of primary hypogonadism”. Nature Reviews Urology 8 (2021): 487-507.
  47. Takahashi K and Yamanaka S. “Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors”. Cell 4 (2006): 663-676.
  48. Laporte E., et al. “Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology”. Journal of Visualized Experiments 180 (2022): 10.3791/63431.
  49. Zhou Y., et al. “Pituitary Lineage Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in 2D and 3D Cultures”. Stem Cells and Development 9-10 (2022): 239-249.

Citation

Citation: Aydin Sav., et al. “Pituitary Stem Cells: What We Know So Far (Part 2)". Acta Scientific Neurology 6.5 (2023): 34-41.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Aydin Sav., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate32%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In




News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is October 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US