Acta Scientific Neurology (ASNE) (ISSN: 2582-1121)

Review Article Volume 3 Issue 4

Visuospatial and Executive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review

Ladan Ghazi-Saidi*

Department of Communication Disorders, College of Education, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Nebraska, United States

*Corresponding Author: Ladan Ghazi-Saidi, Department of Communication Disorders, College of Education, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Nebraska, United States.

Received: February 26, 2020; Published: March 30, 2020

×

Abstract

  Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although it is classically defined by motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms including cognitive impairment (CI) are often even more disabling for patients. CI may happen in one or multiple cognitive domains, resulting in diverse profiles. Executive dysfunction and visuospatial impairment are two prominent and early cognitive symptoms. Visuospatial deficits are typically associated with atrophy in the parieto-temporal or parieto-frontal areas, precuneus, and hippocampus that may progress to dementia. Executive dysfunction in PD is typically associated with atrophy in the frontal (especially superior frontal gyrus) and parietal areas (especially temporoparietal areas), as well as white matter, changes cingulum, and parieto-frontal areas.

Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease; Executive Function; Visuospatial; Cognitive Impairment; Cortico-Subcortical Circuits; Neurotransmitter; Dopamine; Norepinephrine; Freezing of Gait

×

References

  1. Chaudhuri KR., et al. “Parkinson’s disease: the non-motor issues”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 17.10 (2011): 717-723.
  2. Massano J and KP Bhatia. “Clinical approach to Parkinson's disease: features, diagnosis, and principles of management”. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2.6 (2012): a008870.
  3. Monchi O., et al. “Markers of cognitive decline in PD: the case for heterogeneity”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 24 (2016): 8-14.
  4. Chaudhuri KR and AH Schapira. “Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment”. The Lancet Neurology 8.5 (2009): 464-474.
  5. Petersen RC. “Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity”. Journal of Internal Medicine 256.3 (2004): 183-194.
  6. Wood KL., et al. “Different PD-MCI criteria and risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: 4-year longitudinal study”. npj Parkinson's Disease 2 (2016): 15027.
  7. Barker RA and CH Williams-Gray. “Mild Cognitive Impairment and Parkinson’s Disease-Something to Remember”. Journal of Parkinson's Disease 4.4 (2014): 651-656.
  8. Kalbe E., et al. “Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from the LANDSCAPE study”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 87.10 (2016): 1099-1105.
  9. Litvan I., et al. “Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines”. Movement Disorders 27.3 (2012): 349-356.
  10. Christopher L., et al. “Combined insular and striatal dopamine dysfunction are associated with executive deficits in Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment”. Brain 137.2 (2014): 565-575.
  11. Lozza C., et al. “Executive processes in Parkinson's disease: FDG‐PET and network analysis”. Human Brain Mapping 22.3 (2004): 236-245.
  12. Chung EJ., et al. “Hypometabolism based on a cutoff point on the mini-mental state examination in Parkinson's disease”. Neurology Asia 21.3 (2016): 247-253.
  13. Son HJ., et al. “The Parkinson disease related cortical and striatal cognitive pattern in early and delayed F-18 FP-CIT image: evidence for neural correlates between caudate and frontal lobe”. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 57.2 (2016): 71.
  14. Vriend C., et al. “Functional connectivity alterations in Parkinson's disease during the stop-signal task”. bioRxiv (2018): 304584.
  15. Simon SR., et al. “Spatial attention and memory versus motor preparation: premotor cortex involvement as revealed by fMRI”. Journal of Neurophysiology 88.4 (2002): 2047-2057.
  16. Varalta V., et al. “Relationship between cognitive performance and motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot cross-sectional study”. BioMed Research International (2015): 365959.
  17. Tessitore A., et al. “Resting-state brain connectivity in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 18.6 (2012): 781-787.
  18. Brugger F., et al. “Do executive dysfunction and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease share the same neuroanatomical correlates?” Journal of the Neurological Sciences 356.1-2 (2015): 184-187.
  19. Kelly VE., et al. “Association of cognitive domains with postural instability/gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 21.7 (2015): 692-697.
  20. Rosenberg-Katz K., et al. “Fall risk is associated with amplified functional connectivity of the central executive network in patients with Parkinson’s disease”. Journal of Neurology 262.11 (2015): 2448-2456.
  21. Muslimović D., et al. “Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease”. Neurology 65.8 (2005): 1239-1245.
  22. Lunven M and P Bartolomeo. “Attention and spatial cognition: Neural and anatomical substrates of visual neglect”. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 60.3 (2016): 124-129.
  23. Nagano‐Saito A., et al. “Visual hallucination in Parkinson's disease with FDG PET”. Movement Disorders 19.7 (2004): 801-806.
  24. Segura B., et al. “Cortical thinning associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease”. Movement Disorders 29.12 (2014): 1495-1503.
  25. Kiferle L., et al. “Caudate dopaminergic denervation and visual hallucinations: evidence from a 123 I-FP-CIT SPECT study”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 20.7 (2014): 761-765.
  26. Lee A., et al. “Dopamine and the representation of the upper visual field: evidence from vertical bisection errors in unilateral Parkinson’s disease”. Neuropsychologia 40.12 (2002): 2023-2029.
  27. Witt K., et al. “Subthalamic nucleus influences spatial orientation in extrapersonal space”. Movement Disorders 21.3 (2006): 354-361.
  28. Nagano-Saito A., et al. “Cognitive-and motor-related regions in Parkinson's disease: FDOPA and FDG PET studies”. NeuroImage 22.2 (2004): 553-561.
  29. Gerrits NJ., et al. “Cortical Thickness, Surface Area and Subcortical Volume Differentially Contribute to Cognitive Heterogeneity in Parkinson’s Disease”. PloS one 11.2 (2016): e0148852.
  30. Pereira J., et al. “Initial cognitive decline is associated with cortical thinning in early Parkinson's disease”. Movement Disorders 29 (2014): 89.
  31. Bertrand JA., et al. “Color discrimination deficits in Parkinson's disease are related to cognitive impairment and white‐matter alterations”. Movement Disorders 27.14 (2012): 1781-1788.
  32. Nagano-Saito A., et al. “Cerebral atrophy and its relation to cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease”. Neurology 64.2 (2005): 224-229.
  33. Lee JE., et al. “Neuroanatomic basis of amnestic MCI differs in patients with and without Parkinson disease”. Neurology 75.22 (2010): 2009-2016.
  34. Rektorova I., et al. “Grey matter changes in cognitively impaired Parkinson's disease patients”. PloS one 9.1 (2014): e85595.
  35. Ibarretxe‐Bilbao N., et al. “MRI and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease”. Movement Disorders 24.S2 (2009): S748-S753.
  36. Kim HJ., et al. “Alterations of mean diffusivity in brain white matter and deep gray matter in Parkinson's disease”. Neuroscience Letters 550 (2013): 64-68.
  37. Zheng Z., et al. “DTI correlates of distinct cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease”. Human Brain Mapping 35.4 (2014): 1325-1333.
  38. Auning E., et al. “White matter integrity and cognition in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study”. BMJ Open 4.1 (2014): e003976.
  39. Zhang Y and N Schuff. “Differential Patterns of White Matter Degradation In Relation To Cognitive And Motor Deficits In Parkinson’s Disease”. Neurology 82.10 (2014): 004.
  40. Lee JJ., et al. “Optic nerve integrity as a visuospatial cognitive predictor in Parkinson’s disease”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 31 (2016): 41-45.
  41. Goldman J., et al. “White matter abnormalities as a marker of Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment: A diffusion tensor imaging study”. Movement Disorders 30 (2015): S6.
  42. Tuch DS., et al. “Choice reaction time performance correlates with diffusion anisotropy in white matter pathways supporting visuospatial attention”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.34 (2005): 12212-12217.
  43. Caproni S., et al. “Subclinical visuospatial impairment in Parkinson’s disease: the role of basal ganglia and limbic system”. Frontiers in Neurology 5 (2014): 152.
  44. Ibarretxe-Bilbao N., et al. “Brain structural MRI correlates of cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease”. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 310.1-2 (2011): 70-74.
  45. Lenka A., et al. “Structural and functional neuroimaging in patients with Parkinson's disease and visual hallucinations: A critical review”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 21.7 (2015): 683-691.
  46. Manza P., et al. “Resting‐state functional connectivity of the striatum in early‐stage Parkinson's disease: Cognitive decline and motor symptomatology”. Human Brain Mapping 37.2 (2016): 648-662.
  47. Hacker C., et al. “Resting state functional connectivity of the striatum in Parkinson’s disease”. Brain 135.12 (2012): 3699-3711.
  48. Baggio HC., et al. “Functional brain networks and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease”. Human Brain Mapping 35.9 (2014): 4620-4634.
  49. Kehagia AA., et al. “Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: the dual syndrome hypothesis”. Neurodegenerative Diseases 11.2 (2012): 79-92.
  50. Meyer A., et al. “Apathy in Parkinsons disease is related to executive function, gender and age but not to depression”. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 6 (2015): 350.
  51. Aarsland D., et al. “Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease A multicenter pooled analysis”. Neurology 75.12 (2010): 1062-1069.
  52. Dirnberger G and M Jahanshahi. “Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a review”. Journal of Neuropsychology 7.2 (2013): 193-224.
  53. Jurado MB and M Rosselli. “The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding”. Neuropsychology Review 17.3 (2007): 213-233.
  54. Alvarez JA and E Emory. “Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review”. Neuropsychology Review 16.1 (2006): 17-42.
  55. Elliott R. “Executive functions and their disorders Imaging in clinical neuroscience”. British Medical Bulletin 65.1 (2003): 49-59.
  56. Dagher A., et al. “Mapping the network for planning: a correlational PET activation study with the Tower of London task”. Brain 122.10 (1999): 1973-1987.
  57. Owen AM., et al. “Planning and spatial working memory: a positron emission tomography study in humans”. European Journal of Neuroscience 8.2 (1996): 353-364.
  58. Macfarlane MD., et al. “Executive dysfunction correlates with caudate nucleus atrophy in patients with white matter changes on MRI: A subset of LADIS”. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 214.1 (2013): 16-23.
  59. Tekin S and JL Cummings. “Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry: an update”. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53.2 (2002): 647-654.
  60. Koziol LF., et al. “From movement to thought: executive function, embodied cognition, and the cerebellum”. The Cerebellum 11.2 (2012): 505-525.
  61. Schweizer TA., et al. “Rehabilitation of executive functioning after focal damage to the cerebellum”. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 22.1 (2008): 72-77.
  62. Borghammer P., et al. “A deformation‐based morphometry study of patients with early‐stage Parkinson’s disease”. European Journal of Neurology 17.2 (2010): 314-320.
  63. Benninger DH., et al. “Morphological differences in Parkinson’s disease with and without rest tremor”. Journal of Neurology 256.2 (2009): 256-263.
  64. Jahanshahi M., et al. “Dopaminergic modulation of striato-frontal connectivity during motor timing in Parkinson’s disease”. Brain 133.3 (2010): 727-745.
  65. Wu T., et al. “Effective connectivity of brain networks during self-initiated movement in Parkinson's disease”. Neuroimage 55.1 (2011): 204-215.
  66. Wu T., et al. “Changes of functional connectivity of the motor network in the resting state in Parkinson's disease”. Neuroscience Letters 460.1 (2009): 6-10.
  67. Camicioli R., et al. “Voxel-based morphometry reveals extra-nigral atrophy patterns associated with dopamine refractory cognitive and motor impairment in parkinsonism”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 15.3 (2009): 187-195.
  68. Pereira JB., et al. “Structural brain correlates of verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease”. Neuroreport 20.8 (2009): 741-744.
  69. Nishio Y., et al. “Corticolimbic gray matter loss in Parkinson’s disease without dementia”. European Journal of Neurology 17.8 (2010): 1090-1097.
  70. Schmahmann JD. “Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome”. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 16.3 (2004): 367-378.
  71. Picco A., et al. “Brain 18F-DOPA PET and cognition in de novo Parkinson’s disease”. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 42.7 (2015): 1062-1070.
  72. Huang C., et al. “Metabolic abnormalities associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease”. Neurology 70.16 (2008): 1470-1477.
  73. Zgaljardic DJ., et al. “An examination of executive dysfunction associated with frontostriatal circuitry in Parkinson's disease”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28.7 (2006): 1127-1144.
  74. Firbank M., et al. “Longitudinal change in 99mTcHMPAO cerebral perfusion SPECT in Parkinson’s disease over one year”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 76.10 (2005): 1448-1451.
  75. Pellecchia M., et al. “Cognitive performances and DAT imaging in early Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary study”. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 131.5 (2015): 275-281.
  76. Nobili F., et al. “Cognitive‐nigrostriatal relationships in de novo, drug‐naïve Parkinson's disease patients: A [I‐123] FP‐CIT SPECT study”. Movement Disorders 25.1 (2010): 35-43.
  77. Galantucci S., et al. “Cortical Thinning Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease”. Neurology 86.16 (2016): 103.
  78. Merkitch D., et al. “Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive functioning across the Parkinson's Disease cognitive spectrum (I3-3A)”. Neurology 84.14 (2015): I3-3A.
  79. Almeida OP., et al. “MRI study of caudate nucleus volume in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease”. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 16.2 (2003): 57-63.
  80. Alegret M., et al. “MRI atrophy parameters related to cognitive and motor impairment in Parkinson's disease”. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 16.2 (2001): 63-69.
  81. Duncan GW., et al. “Gray and white matter imaging: A biomarker for cognitive impairment in early Parkinson's disease?” Movement Disorders 31.1 (2016): 103-110.
  82. Xia J., et al. “Magnetic resonance morphometry of the loss of gray matter volume in Parkinson's disease patients”. Neural Regeneration Research 8.27 (2013): 2557.
  83. Mak E., et al. “Cognitive deficits in mild Parkinson's disease are associated with distinct areas of grey matter atrophy”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 85.5 (2013): 576-580.
  84. Ham JH., et al. “Topography of cortical thinning associated with white matter hyperintensities in Parkinson's disease”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 21.4 (2015): 372-377.
  85. Murray ME., et al. “Functional impact of white matter hyperintensities in cognitively normal elderly subjects”. Archives of Neurology 67.11 (2010): 1379-1385.
  86. Owen AM. “Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: the role of frontostriatal circuitry”. The Neuroscientist 10.6 (2004): 525-537.
  87. Lewis SJ., et al. “Cognitive impairments in early Parkinson's disease are accompanied by reductions in activity in frontostriatal neural circuitry”. The Journal of Neuroscience 23.15 (2003): 6351-6356.
  88. Leh SE., et al. “The neural circuitry of executive functions in healthy subjects and Parkinson's disease”. Neuropsychopharmacology 35.1 (2010): 70-85.
  89. Monchi O., et al. “Neural bases of set-shifting deficits in Parkinson's disease”. Journal of Neuroscience 24.3 (2004): 702-710.
  90. Monchi O., et al. “Cortical activity in Parkinson's disease during executive processing depends on striatal involvement”. Brain 130.1 (2007): 233-244.
  91. Vriend C., et al. “Functional connectivity alterations in Parkinson's disease during the stop-signal task”. bioRxiv (2018): 304584.
  92. Postuma RB and A Dagher. “Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications”. Cerebral Cortex 16.10 (2006): 1508-1521.
  93. Alexander GE., et al. “Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex”. Annual Review of Neuroscience 9.1 (1986): 357-381.
  94. Lichter DG. “Movement disorders and frontal-subcortical circuits”. Frontal-subcortical circuits in psychiatric and neurological disorders (2001): 260-313.
  95. Menon V and LQ Uddin. “Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function”. Brain Structure and Function 214.5-6 (2010): 655-667.
  96. Putcha D., et al. “Salience and Default Mode Network Coupling Predicts Cognition in Aging and Parkinson's Disease”. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS 22.2 (2016): 205-215.
  97. Díez-Cirarda M., et al. “Dynamic functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition”. NeuroImage: Clinical 17 (2018): 847-855.
  98. Maiti B., et al. “Cognitive correlates of cerebellar resting-state functional connectivity in Parkinson disease”. Neurology 94.4 (2019).
  99. Pardo JV., et al. “Aging-related hypometabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex mediates the relationship between age vs. executive function but not vs. memory in cognitively intact elders”. BioRxiv (2019): 635219.
  100. Alexander GE., et al. “Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex”. Annual Review of Neuroscience 9.1 (1986): 357-381.
×

Citation

Citation: Ladan Ghazi-Saidi. “Visuospatial and Executive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review". Acta Scientific Neurology 3.4 (2020): 08-26.




Metrics

Acceptance rate32%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In




News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is July 30, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US