Anita Tilwari, Ruchi Chandsurya and Rohit Saluja

¹Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M.P. 462026, India
²Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 508126, India

*Corresponding Author:Anita Tilwari (anitatilwari@bubhopal.ac.in), Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M.P. 462026, India

Received: January 19, 2026; Published: January 31, 2026

Abstract

The human colon is home to a diverse community of microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota. These microorgan- isms play an essential, though indirect, role in maintaining human health by supporting various physiological functions. The primary roles of the gut microbiota include reducing gut permeability, increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, decreasing inflam- mation, and repairing leaky gut barriers. These microbes also produce several metabolites such as bile acids, butyric acid, branched- chain amino acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, lipopolysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids that influence the gut environment and can contribute to dysbiosis. This review explores the composition of the gut microbiota in healthy individuals compared to those with Type 2 Diabetes, with a particular focus on microbial metabolic activity that affects insulin sensitivity and resistance. It also examines diabetes-related physiological and pathological factors, including the effects of age, physical activity, obesity, diet, and antibiotic use, supported by clinical data. Furthermore, the review discusses various therapeutic approaches with promising potential for diabetes reversal. Overall, this work aims to provide valuable insights into gut dysbiosis and microbiota, contributing to future translational research.

Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes; Gut Microbiota; Metabolites; Insulin Sensitivity; Dysbiosis

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Citation

Citation: Anita Tilwari., et al. “Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Treatment Prospects". Acta Scientific Microbiology 9.2 (2026): 47-62.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2026 Anita Tilwari., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.