Andhare RA1* and Thorat PR2
1Research Scholar, P.G. Department of Microbiology and Research Center, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Solapur, MS, India
2Professor, P.G. Department of Microbiology and Research Center, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Solapur, MS, India
*Corresponding Author:Andhare RA, Research Scholar, P.G. Department of Microbiology and Research Center, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Solapur, MS, India.
Received: August 09, 2024; Published: August 29, 2024
Citation: Andhare RA and Thorat PR. “Recent Advances in Bioremediation Strategies for Sustainable Treatment of Textile Dye Wastewater". Acta Scientific Microbiology 7.9 (2024):58-64.
This research focuses on textile dye wastewater bioremediation, including biodegradation methods, technologies, bioreactor design, genetic engineering, synthetic biology, microbial consortiums, and environmental consequence. It emphasizes the importance of enzymes and compares biodegradation among bacteria, fungus, and algae species for distinct color classes. It investigates the efficacy of bioremediation technologies such as bio filters, artificial wetlands, and microbial fuel cells, as well as bioreactor design innovations. The use of synthetic biology to create dye-degrading microorganisms is being investigated. Assessing the collective dye degrading potential of microbial consortia shows both environmental advantages and unknown hazards. To ensure feasibility and efficacy, research and analysis are required, targeting substrate specificity, ecological safety, and practicality. For sustainability, the article emphasizes energy savings, renewable sources, biomass potential, nutrient control, and hazardous byproduct reduction.
Keywords: Bioremediation; Textile Dyes; Azo Dyes; Biodegradation; Microbial Consortia; Hazardous Byproduct; MFC (Microbial Fuel Cell)
Azo dyes, the most common type of textile dye, are known to be quickly broken down by bacteria. Azoreductase, an enzyme that is essential in the degradation of azo dyes, breaks down the azo link (-N=N-) to create aromatic amines [1]. Later enzymes, such as monoamine oxidases, metabolize the aromatic amines into less toxic compounds [2]. Bacteria have the capacity to degrade anthraquinone dyes. Enzymes such as anthraquinone reductase decrease the quinone rings, and the intermediates are metabolized further by enzymes such as dehydrogenases. Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter are two bacterial species that can degrade indigo colors used in denim dyeing [3]. Indigo-degrading enzymes, such as indigo oxygenase and indigo-reducing enzymes, break down indigo molecules into simpler chemicals. Some fungi, such as white-rot fungus (e.g., Phanerochaete chrysosporium), have ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase [4]. These enzymes have been discovered to degrade a broad variety of colors, including azo dyes and anthraquinone dyes, by destroying their complicated chemical structures. Laccases are versatile enzymes produced by many fungi. They may oxidise a wide range of dye compounds, usually disrupting chemical bonds within the dyes and leaving them more vulnerable to further microbial or enzyme degradation [5]. Some textile colors have been shown to be absorbed and destroyed by algae, most notably microalgae and cyanobacteria. Although the specific methods vary, they always include enzyme reactions to alter or mineralize color molecules [6]. In some conditions, several enzymes may collaborate to biodegrade textile colors. Combining azoreductases, dehydrogenases, and other enzymes, for example, may be necessary to completely degrade complex azo dyes. Multi-species microbial consortia can also have synergistic effects on dye biodegradation [7]. The complementary enzymatic activity that various members of the consortium may possess may boost the consortium's overall degrading efficiency [8]. The enzymatic processes and pathways involved in textile dye biodegradation are being studied and characterized.
Because of advancements in metagenomics and molecular biology approaches, new enzymes and pathways have been found, paving the way for more effective and long-lasting bioremediation strategies in the textile industry. Microorganisms are being utilized in bio filters, also known as bio-trickling filters or bio packed columns, to break down contaminants in wastewater. In the context of treating wastewater from textile dyeing, bio filters have shown promise in terms of performance and price [9]. When polluted wastewater passes through a bio filter, microorganisms get immobilized in a bed of porous support material such as compost, peat, or activated carbon. These microorganisms, which are often bacteria and fungi, breakdown the dyes by enzymatic reactions, resulting in less hazardous or non-toxic metabolites. Bio filters have several advantages, including their compact size, suitability for industrial applications, and good removal efficiency for a wide range of dye classes. It has low operational expenses and can be easily scaled up or down.
Second, artificial wetlands are manmade systems that mimic natural wetlands and are utilized to treat wastewater [10]. They are made up of tiny basins that are planted with aquatic vegetation. They provide a green and sustainable wastewater treatment solution for textile colors. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological interactions occur in the wetland where textile dye-containing effluent is directed. While plants help with pollution uptake and buildup, microbial communities in the rhizosphere of wetlands help in dye degradation. Thus, artificial wetlands provide a variety of advantages, including considerable pollution removal from dyes and organic debris, aesthetic and ecological benefits, minimal energy needs, and adaptability for decentralized treatment in small- to medium-sized facilities. Microbial fuel cells are an innovative technology that combines wastewater treatment with power generation [11]. They create electrical energy while degrading organic contaminants such as textile dyes with electroactive bacteria. Bacteria in wastewater oxidise organic molecules in an MFC, creating electrons that are collected by an anode. These electrons are sent to a cathode via an external circuit, where they combine with oxygen or another electron acceptor to make electricity. Off-grid and remote applications, as well as simultaneous energy production and wastewater treatment.
Textile dyeing wastewater may be handled in an environmentally acceptable manner using these cutting-edge bioremediation processes. Researchers and environmental engineers continue to examine advancements in these technologies as well as the fusion of diverse tactics to solve concerns linked to the environmental effect of the textile industry. Combining these strategies can result in more effective and efficient wastewater treatment processes from textile dyeing.
Table 1: Techniques used for degradation of Textile dyes
Increased dye degradation catalytic activity, increased mass transfer and reactor performance, and the possibility for tailored treatment of specific dye impurities. The incorporation of immobilized cells, biofilm reactors, and nanomaterials reveals continued attempts to produce environmentally friendly solutions capable of addressing the environmental difficulties provided by the textile industry while minimizing the impact on natural ecosystems.
There might be two approaches for textile dyes biodegradation.
Figure 1
Different Ways used for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms.
Table 2: Ways used for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms.
Targeting certain dye classes or pollutants using genetically engineered microbes reduces the possibility of non-selective breakdown. Improved enzyme synthesis and metabolic pathways can greatly accelerate dye degradation, resulting in speedier cleanup. GMMs have the potential to eliminate the requirement for external additives and chemicals in bioremediation, making the process less harmful to the environment. Engineered Pseudomonas, for example, is altered by the insertion of azoreductase genes, while Yeast-Mediated Decolorization employs modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.
Which consist of multiple species of microorganisms working together, offer unique advantages and synergies that can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of dye degradation processes. In bioremediation, Microbial consortia play a vital role in breaking down complex pollutants, such as textile dyes, by harnessing the diverse metabolic capabilities of different microbial species.
Table 3: Benefits of using Microbial consortia.
Many studies have demonstrated that microbial consortia comprised of bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, and fungus, such as Trametes and Aspergillus, can breakdown azo dyes effectively [23]. These consortiums combine the ligninolytic and oxidative potential of fungus with the azo-reduction ability of bacteria. Numerous studies have shown that complex dyes can degrade sequentially in consortiums. For instance, the dye's chromophore may be broken down by one species of bacterium, enabling degradation by another. The treatment of dye wastewater by the use of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) using microbial consortiums has been studied. The anodic and cathodic chambers of these fuel cells are home to a variety of microbial species that provide an environment that is ideal for efficient dye degradation and energy production.
Certain microorganisms working together may produce metabolic byproducts that feed or co-substrate other microbes. As dye molecules break down, several microbial species may participate in redox cycling, which facilitates electron transport [24]. This electron exchange has the potential to dramatically increase the effectiveness of bioremediation. Within consortia, certain microorganisms may adapt to harsh circumstances more quickly, safeguarding the community as a whole and preserving constant dye degradation performance.
Techniques for bioremediation offer low-energy, long-term solutions for the elimination of pollutants. Through the use of clever designs and renewable energy sources, they lessen their impact on the environment. Bioremediation can even provide valuable biomass for the production of biofuels while consuming no finite resources. It also follows the guidelines of green chemistry, which reduces the likelihood of harmful byproducts and secondary contamination. Effective handling of sludge and residues is necessary for environmental protection.
It is now imperative to develop long-term solutions to pollution in light of the rapidly deteriorating environmental conditions and the growing threat posed by climate change. Bioremediation, a method that uses microorganisms' metabolic capacities to breakdown, detoxify, or sequester pollutants, has received a lot of attention in recent years [25]. However, the ecological soundness of bioremediation techniques requires further examination. The choice of energy source is critical in determining bioremediation's environmental sustainability. Recent improvements in the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, for bioremediation processes have yielded encouraging results in terms of lowering the overall carbon footprint. Resource Allocation The careful use of resources is critical in any assessment of sustainability. Bioremediation can be expensive in terms of microbial biomass and nutritional needs. To increase microbial activity, polluted locations are frequently treated with microbial cultures and nutrients [26]. Understanding the overall sustainability of bioremediation systems requires assessing the environmental effect of resource collection, manufacturing, and transportation. Investigating alternate nutrition sources, such as organic waste materials or leftovers of other industrial operations, can help to reduce the environmental impact of resource utilization. Optimizing nutrient doses depending on site-specific variables can also result in resource-efficient bioremediation. Production of Byproducts While pollutant removal or transformation is the primary objective of bioremediation, it is critical to examine the possible byproducts formed throughout the process. Byproducts include gases, microbial biomass, and intermediate metabolites. Evaluating their ecological effects, durability, and toxicity is essential to a thorough assessment of the sustainability of bioremediation. Eco-friendly bioremediation techniques that enable the transformation of contaminants into less harmful or non-toxic compounds are preferred. Additionally, strategies for gathering and using beneficial byproducts might raise the restoration process's overall sustainability. To properly evaluate the environmental sustainability of bioremediation processes, a life cycle analysis (LCA) is necessary. Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) examine every stage of a remediation project, from resource extraction and production to treated material disposal or reuse. LCAs may provide insight into how different bioremediation techniques use resources, energy efficiency, and the overall impact on the environment.
Environmental biologists and other scientists face a complicated and ever-changing set of issues when it comes to the bioremediation of textile dye contaminants. One of the biggest problems in textile dye bioremediation is the recalcitrance of certain dye types. A broad range of dyes, such as azo, anthraquinone, and phthalocyanine dyes, are used by textile makers; many of these dyes are extremely stable and resistant to microbial degradation [27]. Because of their complicated chemical architectures, these dyes are difficult for microbial populations to totally degrade [28]. The development of bioremediation techniques capable of properly targeting and degrading these refractory dye types remains a significant concern.Various practical challenges might often make it difficult to translate laboratory-scale discoveries to real-world applications. For bioremediation approaches to be widely used in textile wastewater treatment plants, robust and financially viable technologies are needed [27]. Variations in dye mixes and concentrations, as well as the existence of co-pollutants, can all hinder the efficient and consistent removal of textile dyes in real-world environments [29]. The task of bridging the gap between bench-scale investigations and field applications is continuous.
Our assessment of bioremediation emphasises the significance of a holistic approach to environmental sustainability that includes minimal byproducts, decreased resource use, and renewable energy. In order to enhance industrial sustainability, cooperation, technology, and microbiological variety provide answers for problems with textile dyes. Although bioremediation minimises harmful effects, improves resource efficiency, and saves energy, a comprehensive life cycle analysis is required. With a focus on sustainability and the effects on the environment, the research investigates genetic engineering, biodegradation, and innovative technologies. Recalcitrant dyes and practical implementation provide difficulties that need for regulatory oversight. Long-term wastewater treatment depends on cooperation, microbial variety, technology, and data analytics optimization. This research explores the latest developments in bioremediation methods for treating wastewater contaminated by textile dyes. It looks at the technology, techniques, and species employed, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, and microbial consortia. It talks about advances in biotechnology, including genetic engineering, artificial wetlands, microbial fuel cells, biofilters, and bioreactor architecture. Future work will concentrate on designing designer consortia and studying group dynamics as a means of using microbial consortia for pollution digestion. Compared to physical and chemical treatments, bioremediation has advantages for the environment, but a life cycle analysis is necessary for a thorough evaluation. Dyes type endurance and applying lab results to practical settings provide challenges. Microbial variety discovery, enzyme optimization, nanotechnology integration, enhanced oxidation processes, multidisciplinary collaboration, and sophisticated data analytics are examples of possible study subjects.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all individuals and institutions who contributed to the completion of this research article. Special thanks are extended to Scientific and Organizing Committee ICCIBHW 2024 who provided valuable insights, guidance, and support. The researchers acknowledge the importance of collaborative efforts and the exchange of knowledge within the scientific community. Gratitude is extended to the organizations that supported this research, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya Barshi and Shivneri Mahavidyalaya Shirur Anantpal Dist. - Latur, enabling the exploration of innovative solutions for sustainable textile practices.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with the completion and publication of this research article. No financial or personal relationships with other individuals or organisations have influenced the conduct of this study or the presentation of its findings.
Copyright: © 2024 Andhare RA and Thorat PR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Open Access by
Acta Scientific is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Based on a work at https://actascientific.com
ff
