Rugiah Alsghair¹, Reem Hamoud Alrashoudi¹, Ahmad S AlYami², Seham Mohamed Hassan Elbih² and Ayesha Mateen¹*

¹Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
²Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine administration, King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Author: Ayesha Mateen, Researcher, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA.

Received: June 07, 2024; Published: July 25, 2024

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant public health challenge due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study aims to investigate the distribution of MRSA resistant phenotypes across different age groups and genders, and to analyze the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA clinical strains.
A retrospective analysis was performed on MRSA clinical strains collected from King Fahad Medical City (KFMC). The study compared demographic characteristics, including gender and age, with the prevalence of MRSA resistant phenotypes, specifically multi-drug resistant (MDR) and resistant (R) strains. Additionally, antibiotic sensitivity and resistance profiles were examined for various antibiotics.
A total of 361 clinical strains were isolated from different clinical sites, including sputum, wounds, throat, and miscellaneous sites. The findings revealed a predominance of MRSA resistant phenotypes among males, constituting 55.91% of MDR cases and 55.22% of all resistant strains. Regarding swab site distribution, 46.23% of MDR strains were isolated from sputum, 30.10% from miscellaneous sites (peripheral lines, abdominal wall, body fluid, tissue, etc.), and the least from throat swabs. MDR strains were most prevalent in the age groups 40-49 (21.15%), 50-59 (13.46%), and 80-89 (13.46%), with a significant difference observed in the 40-49 age group (p-value 0.0064).
MRSA strains showed high susceptibility to Vancomycin, Linezolid, Rifampicin, and Teicoplanin (100%), moderate sensitivity to Erythromycin (64.81%), and inherent resistance to Oxacillin (100%). Nitrofurantoin exhibited very low sensitivity (2.77%), indicating poor efficacy against MRSA.
In conclusion, the present findings highlight the need for targeted control measures against MRSA infection resistance and the implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs to preserve the efficacy of vital antibiotics and curb the spread of MRSA resistance. These insights support the development of effective strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant MRSA infections

Keywords: MRSA; Antibiotic Susceptibility; MDR; Gender; Site of Sample

References

1. Abebe A and Birhanu A. “Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Drug Resistance Development and Novel Strategies to Combat”. Infection and Drug Resistance 16 (2023): 7641-7662.
2. Liu WT., et al. “Emerging Resistance Mechanisms for 4 Types of Common Anti-MRSA Antibiotics in Staphylococcus Aureus: A Comprehensive Review”. Microbial Pathogen 156 (2021): 104915.
3. Ali Alghamdi B., et al. “Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus”. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 30 (2023): 103604.
4. Gurung RR., et al. “Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus With Reference to MRSA Isolates From Pediatric Patients”. Future Science OA 6 (2020): FSO464.
5. Shrestha J., et al. “Antimicrobial Stewardship”. StatPearls (2023).
6. Wu M., et al. “Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Healthy Chinese Population: A System Review and Meta-Analysis”. PLOS ONE 14 (2019): e0223599.
7. Waterlow NR., et al. “How Demographic Factors Matter for Antimicrobial Resistance - Quantification of the Patterns and Impact of Variation in Prevalence of Resistance by Age and Sex” (2023).
8. Garoy EY., et al. “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA): Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern among Patients—A Multicenter Study in Asmara, Eritrea”. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (2019): 1-9.
9. Foster TJ. “Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus. Current Status and Future Prospects”. FEMS Microbiology Review 41 (2017): 430-449.
10. Boswihi SS and Udo EE. “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus : An Update on the Epidemiology, Treatment Options and Infection Control”. Current Medicine Research and Practice 8 (2018): 18-
11. Kawasuji H., et al. “Effectiveness and Safety of Linezolid Versus Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, or Daptomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Antibiotics 12 (2023): 697.
12. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibi.
13. Magiorakos AP., et al. “Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance”. Clinical Microbiology Infectious 18 (2012)268-281.
14. Salangsang JM. “Patient-Associated Risk Factors for Acquisition of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in a Tertiary Hospital Setting”. PhD Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, (2009).
15. Humphreys H., et al. “Gender Differences in Rates of Carriage and Bloodstream Infection Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Are They Real, Do They Matter and Why?” Clinical Infectious Disease 61 (2015): 1708-1714.
16. Brandl M., et al. “Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010-2019”. Microorganisms 9 (2021): 894.
17. Tsering D., et al. “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Prevalence and Current Susceptibility Pattern in Sikkim”. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 3 (2011): 9.
18. Alsolami A., et al. “Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Hospitals: Age-Specificity and Potential Zoonotic-Zooanthroponotic Transmission Dynamics”. Diagnostics 13 (2023): 2089.
19. An N., et al. “Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated at a General Hospital in Vietnam Between 2014 and 2021”. Infectious Drug Resistance 17 (2024): 259-273.
20. Pomorska-Wesołowska M., et al. “Longevity and Gender as the Risk Factors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in Southern Poland”. BMC Geriatrics 17 (2017): 51.
21. Gajic I., et al. “Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Currently Used Methods”. Antibiotics 11 (2022): 427.
22. Thabit AK., et al. “An Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance in Saudi Arabia (2013-2023) and the Need for National Surveillance”. Microorganisms 11 (2023): 2086.

Citation

Citation: Ayesha Mateen., et al. “Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of MRSA Clinical Strains Across Different Age Groups and Genders: Implications for Targeted Infection Control and Antibiotic Stewardship Programs".Acta Scientific Microbiology 7.8 (2024): 106-111.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Ayesha Mateen., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.