Sheetal Yadav¹* and Anil Sharma²

¹Department of Biotechnology, Govt College for Girls, Gurgaon, India
²AAiM Edupoint, Janak Puri, New Delhi, India

*Corresponding Author: Sheetal Yadav, Department of Biotechnology, Govt College for Girls, Gurgaon, India.

Received: January 29, 2024; Published: February 24, 2024

Abstract

Around the world, 811 million people slept hungry every single night during the year 2020. Rice is a salt-sensitive crop. The food production rate is not keeping up pace with the rate at which the global population is rising. The projections of the growth rate estimated that by 2057 the world population would reach 10 million. Providing food to the growing human population is a big challenge. Rice production needs to be increased by at least 40% by the year 2030. Rice production, however, faces challenge from depleting soil, reduced fund in the developing world, land limitation and biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotic stresses due to bacteria, fungi, viruses and insects pests may led to the losses accounting for more than 50% of the yield. Similarly, abiotic stresses due to drought, temperatures, UV radiation and salinity also pose several limitations to the rice production. The losses due to salinity includes the loss of nutrients, amino acids and proteins, and minerals and vitamins. The plants over the course of evolution have developed specific mechanisms to counter these stresses. Present work is a review of previous works to develop an understanding so as to design a suitable strategy to increase rice production for a sustainable future.

Keywords: Rice; Biotic Stress; Abiotic Stress; Salinity

References

1. Abdullah ZK., et al. “Causes of sterility in seed set of rice under salinity stress”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 187 (2001): 25-32.
2. Agrawal PK., et al. “Induction of bacterial blight resistance in elite Indian rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars using gamma irradiation and ethyl methane sulphonate”. Mutation Breeding Newsletter and Reviews 1 (2005): 17-18.
3. Aguiero VM., et al. “Spread of rice tungro spherical virus in Bicol, Philippines”. International Rice Research Newsletter (Philippines) 11 (1987): 17-18.
4. Akita S and Cabuslay G S. “Physiological basis of differential response to salinity in rice cultivars”. In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition (1990): 431-448.
5. Amirjani M R. “Effect of NaCl on some physiological parameters of rice”. European Journal of Biological Sciences 3 (2010): 6-16.
6. Amirjani M R. “Effect of salinity stress on growth, sugar content, pigments and enzyme activity of rice”. International Journal of Botany 7 (2011): 73-81.
7. Banwo OO., et al. “Newly recorded species of Chaetocnema, vector of rice yellow mottle virus in Tanzania”. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 29 (2001): 61-65.
8. Bassil E., et al. “Cellular ion homeostasis: emerging roles of intracellular NHX Na+/H+ antiporters in plant growth and development”. Journal of Experimental Botany 63 (2012): 5727-5740.
9. Baxter G., et al. “Salinity alters the protein composition of rice endosperm and the physicochemical properties of rice flour”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91 (2011): 2292-2297.
10. Bin Rahman ANMR and Zhang JH. “Flood and drought tolerance in rice. Opposite but may coexist”. Food Energy Security 5 (2016): 76-88.
11. Blas N and David G. “Dynamical rogueing model for controlling the spread of tungro virus via Nephotettix virescens in a rice field”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 893 (2017): 012018.
12. Butardo VM. ., et al. “Improving Rice Grain Quality: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects”. Methods in Molecular Biology 1892 (2019): 19-55.
13. Chen Q., et al. “Nonstructural protein Pns4 of rice dwarf virus is essential for viral infection in its insect vector”. Virology Journal 12 (2015): 211.
14. Chen T., et al. “Casparian strip development and its potential function in salt tolerance”. Plant Signaling and Behavior 6 (2011): 1499-1502.
15. Chen T., et al. “Molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice”. Crop Journal 9 (2021): 506-520.
16. Cheng XY., et al. “Towards understanding of molecular interactions between rice and the brown planthopper”. Molecular Plant 6 (2013): 621-634.
17. Chinnusamy V., et al. “Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants”. Crop Science 45 (2005): 437-448.
18. da Cruz R P and Milach S C K. “Breeding for cold tolerance in irrigated rice”. Ciência Rural 30 (2000): 909-917.
19. Das P., et al. “Oxidative environment and redox homeostasis in plants: dissecting out significant contribution of major cellular organelles”. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2 (2015): 70.
20. Datta S., et al. “A comprehensive insight into the biology of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA Kühn, the causal organism of the sheath blight disease of rice”. Journal of Plant Pathology 104 (2022): 79-98.
21. Fang FC., et al. “Bacterial stress responses during host infection”. Cell Host and Microbe 20 (2016): 133-143.
22. Ferdose J., et al. “Differential sensitivity of rice cultivars to salinity and its relation to ion accumulation and root tip structure”. Plant Production Science 12 (2009): 453-461.
23. Fujita D., et al. “Rice resistance to planthoppers and leafhoppers”. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 32 (2013): 162-191.
24. “Expanding Rice Production Project: Challenges”. Downloaded from Expanding Rice Production Project (ERPP) | Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (gafspfund.org) on 22-07-2022.
25. Goto M. “Fundamentals of Bacterial Plant Pathology”. Academic Press, San Diego, (1992): 210-224.
26. Guo Y., et al. “Transgenic evaluation of activated mutant alleles of SOS2 reveals a critical requirement for its kinase activity and C-terminal regulatory domain for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana”. Plant Cell 16 (2004): 435-449.
27. Hasanuzzaman M., et al. “Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate salt-induced damages”. In: Ahmad P., Azooz M.M., Prasad M.N.V. (Eds.), Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress. Springer, New York, (2013) pp. 25-87.
28. Hibino H and Cabunagan R.C. “Rice Tungro-Associated Viruses and their Relations to Host Plants and Vector Leafhoppers”. Tropical Agriculture Research Series : proceedings of a symposium on tropical agriculture researches. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences 19 (1985): 173-182.
29. Hussain S ., et al. “Effects of salt stress on rice growth, development characteristics, and the regulating ways: A review”. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 16 (2017): 2357-2374.
30. Jampeetong A. and Brix H. “Effects of NaCl salinity on growth, morphology, photosynthesis and proline accumulation of Salvinia natans”. Aqua Botany 91 (2009): 181-186.
31. Jouyban Z. “The effects of salt stress on plant growth”. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2 (2009): 7-10.
32. Kandpal RP and Rao NA. “Alterations in the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in finger millet (Eleucine coracana) seedlings during water stress and the effect of proline on protein biosynthesis”. Plant Science 40 (1985): 73-79.
33. Kannan M., et al. “Complete Genome Sequence of Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus Infecting Asian Rice (Oryza sativa) in Malaysia”. Microbiology Resource Announcements 8 (2019): e00262-19.
34. Katiyar S K., et al. “Biodiversity of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) from five countries examined by AFLP analysis”. Genome 43, (2000): 322-332.
35. Khan MH and Panda SK. “Alterations in Root Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Responses in Two Rice Cultivars under NaCl-Salinity Stress”. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 30 (2008): 89-91.
36. Khush G.S. and Jena K.K. “Current status and future prospects for research on blast resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. In: Wang G.L. and Valent B. (Eds) Advances in Genetics, genomics and control of rice blast disease, Springer, Dordrecht, (2009): 1-10.
37. Khush G.S. “What it will take to feed 5.0 billion rice consumers in 2030”. Plant Molecular Biology 59 (2005): 1-6.
38. Kouassi N K., et al. “Distribution and characterization of Rice yellow mottle virus: a threat to African farmers”. Plant Diseases 89 (2005): 124-133.
39. Krishnamurthy P., et al. “The role of root apoplastic transport barriers in salt tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. Planta 230 (2009).: 119-134.
40. Lee IS., et al. “Comparison of terrestrial laser scanner with digital aerial photogrammetry for extracting ridges in the rice paddies”. Survey Review 41 (2009): 253-267.
41. Li D., et al. “Strategies to Manage Rice Sheath Blight: Lessons from Interactions between Rice and Rhizoctonia solani”. Rice (N Y) 14 (2021): 21.
42. Maeda S., et al. “The rice CYP78A gene BSR2 confers resistance to Rhizoctonia solani and affects seed size and growth in Arabidopsis and rice”. Science Reports 9 (2019): 587.
43. Munns R and James R.A. “Screening Methods for Salinity Tolerance: A Case Study with Tetraploid Wheat”. Plant and Soil 253 (2003): 201-218.
44. Munns R and Tester M. “Mechanisms of salinity tolerance”. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59 (2008): 651.
45. Muthaiyan MC. “Principles and Practices of Plant Quarantine”. Allied Publishers (2009): 1160.
46. Nagarajan S., et al. “Understanding the Responses, Mechanism and Development of Salinity Stress Tolerant Cultivars in Rice”. In M. Huang (Ed.), Integrative Advances in Rice Research. Rijeka: IntechOpen (2022).
47. Najeeb S., et al. “Genetics and Breeding of Low-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Rice”. In: Ali, J., Wani, S.H. (eds) Rice Improvement. Springer, Cham. (2021).
48. Niño-Liu RP and Bogdanove A J. “Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars: model pathogens of a model crop”. Molecular Plant Pathology 7 (2006): 303-324.
49. Odongo PJ., et al. “Insights Into Natural Genetic Resistance to Rice Yellow Mottle Virus and Implications on Breeding for Durable Resistance”. Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (2021).
50. Panda D., et al. “Drought Tolerance in Rice: Focus on Recent Mechanisms and Approaches”. Rice Science 28 (2021): 119-132.
51. Pandey V and Shukla A. “Acclimation and tolerance strategies of rice under drought stress”. Rice Science 22 (2015): 147-161.
52. Pattanagul W and Thitisaksakul M. “Effect of salinity stress on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance”. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 46 (2008): 736-742.
53. Peiris BD., et al. “Chemical characteristics of grains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in saline media of varying ionic composition”. Journal of Experimental Biology 39 (1988): 623-631.
54. Pennisi E. “Armed and dangerous”. Science 327 (1988): 804-805.
55. Pinel A., et al. “Molecular variability of geographically distinct isolates of Rice yellow mottle virus in Africa”. Archives of Virology 145 (2000): 1621-1638.
56. Porcel R., et al. “Salinity stress alleviation using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”. A review”. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 32 (2012): 181-200.
57. Rajarammohan S. “Redefining Plant-Necrotroph Interactions: The Thin Line Between Hemibiotrophs and Necrotrophs”. Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (2021).
58. Rana N., et al. “Applications and challenges for efficient exploration of omics interventions for the enhancement of nutritional quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60 (2019): 3304-3320.
59. Rao P., et al. “Effects of Soil Salinity and Alkalinity on Grain Quality of Tolerant, Semi-Tolerant and Sensitive Rice Genotypes”. Rice Science 20 (2013): 284-291.
60. Rao T.B., et al. “A comprehensive gene expression profile of pectin degradation enzymes reveals the molecular events during cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solan I AG1-IA”. Journal of Fungi 6 (2020): 71.
61. Reynolds OL., et al. “Silicon-augmented resistance of plants to herbivorous insects:” a review”. Annals of Applied Biology 155 (2017): 171-186.
62. Rijsberman FR. “Water scarcity: Fact or fiction”. Agricultural Water Management 80 (2009): 5-22.
63. Saleethong P., et al. “Effects of exogenous spermidine (spd) on yield, yield-related parameters and mineral composition of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp.’indica’) grains under salt stress”. Australian Journal of Crop Science 7 (2013): 1293-1301.
64. Sato Y., et al. “Enhanced chilling tolerance at the booting stage in rice by transgenic overexpression of the ascorbate peroxidase gene, OsAPXa”. Plant Cell Reports 30 (2011): 399-406.
65. Shahbandeh M. “Rice - Statistics and Facts”. Statista (2022).
66. Shen Y and Ronald P. “Molecular determinants of disease and resistance in interactions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and rice”. Microbes and Infection 4 (2002): 1361-1367.
67. Shereen A., et al. “Salinity effects on seedling growth and yield components of different inbred rice lines”. Pakistan Journal of Botany 37 (2005): 131-139.
68. Singh R., et al. “From QTL to variety-harnessing the benefits of QTLs for drought, flood and salt tolerance in mega rice varieties of India through a multi-institutional network”. Plant Science 242: (2016): 278-287.
69. Singh P., et al. “Biotic Stress Management in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Through Conventional and Molecular Approaches”. In: Rakshit, A., Singh, H., Singh, A., Singh, U., Fraceto, L. (eds) New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture. Springer, Singapore. (2020).
70. Siringam K., et al. “Salt stress induced ion accumulation, ion homeostasis, membrane injury and sugar contents in salt-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L. spp. Indica) roots under sosmotic conditions”. African Journal of Biotechnology 10 (2011): 1340-1346.
71. Suzuki N., et al. “Immunodetection of rice dwarf phytoreoviral protein in both insect and plant hosts”. Virology 202 (1994): 41-48.
72. Thitisaksakul M., et al. “Effects of timing and severity of salinity stress on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, grain composition, and starch functionality”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63 (2015): 2296-2304.
73. Vetha VP., et al. “Brown rice-hidden nutrients”. Journal of Bioscience and Technology 4 (2013): 503-507.
74. Wang AJ and Zheng AP. “Characteristics and control measures of rice sheath blight”. China Rice 24 (2018): 124-126.
75. Wang H., et al. “Assessment of the impact of insecticides on Anagrus nilaparvatae (Pang et Wang) (Hymenoptera:Mymanidae), an egg parasitoid of the rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)”. Crop Protection 27 (2008): 514-522.
76. Wang H., et al. “Effects of salt stress on ion balance and nitrogen metabolism of old and young leaves in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. BMC Plant Biology 12 (2012): 1-11.
77. Wang Q., et al. “Rice dwarf virus infection alters green rice leafhopper host preference and feeding behavior”. PLoS ONE 13 (2018): e0203364.
78. Xie G., et al. “Biochemical identification of the OsMKK6-OsMPK3 signalling pathway for chilling stress tolerance in rice”. Biochemical Journal 443 (2012): 95-102.
79. Xu L., et al. “Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci for cold tolerance at the booting stage in a japonica rice near isogenic line”. Plant Science 174 (2008): 340-347.
80. Yadav S., et al. “Identification of QTLs and possible candidate genes conferring sheath blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. Springerplus 4 (2015): 175.
81. Yang L., et al. “Silicon amendment to rice plants impairs sucking behaviors and population growth in the phloem feeder Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)”. Science Reports 7 (2017): 1101.
82. Zeng Y., et al. “Effects of Low Temperature Stress on Spikelet-Related Parameters during Anthesis in Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice”. Frontiers in Plant Science 8 (2017): 1350.
83. Zhang J., et al. “Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene on function of flag leaf and development of superior and inferior spikelets in rice cultivars differing in panicle types”. Field Crops Research 177 (2015): 64-74.
84. Zhang Q., et al. “Rice and cold stress: methods for its evaluation and summary of cold tolerance-related quantitative trait loci”. Rice 7 (2014): 24.
85. Zhao M., et al. “Improving nutritional quality of rice for human health”. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 133 (2020): 1397-1413.

Citation

Citation: Sheetal Yadav and Anil Sharma. “Shortcomings in Rice Production: with Special Emphasis on Salinity Stress".Acta Scientific Microbiology 7.3 (2024): 85-96.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Sheetal Yadav and Anil Sharma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.