Antibiotic Resistance in India: Counteractive Consequences Using Antibiotics
During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Chitra Kushwaha, Ram Prasad Kushvaha and Sunil Kumar Snehi*
Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P.), India
*Corresponding Author: Sunil Kumar Snehi, Department of Microbiology,
Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P.), India.
Received:
January 09, 2024; Published: February 22, 2024
Abstract
The rapid appearance and spread of antibiotic resistance is due to increased use of antibiotics inappropriately. Over the last 80 years, it has become more and more complex to get rid of it. The ability to track epidemics and study how resistance develops through experimental evolution is made possible by Whole-genome sequencing. Despite the fact that in vitro and experimental evolution studies on antibiotic resistance will benefit from the power and accuracy of genomic technologies, there is still much to learn, particularly about the relative significance of different environmental compartments that contribute to the phenomenon of resistance. In low and middle income countries, it is unfortunately difficult to identify bacterial pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic since there aren't any easily accessible, affordable clinical or molecular indicators that can reliably distinguish between bacterial and viral infections. And that is how we came across a scenario in which antibiotic-resistant bacteria discovered a means to flourish more and bacterial super-infection became prominent in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we will therefore discuss about the severe situation of emergent antibiotic resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic in India as a result of increased antibiotic consumption.
Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; Superbugs; Inhibitors; COVID-19; Pandemic and Genetic Evolution
References
- Laxminarayan R and Chaudhury RR. “Antibiotic resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action”. PLoS Medicine3 (2016): e1001974.
- Botelho J and Schulenburg H. “The role of integrative and conjugative elements in antibiotic resistance evolution”. Trends in Microbiology1 (2021): 8-18.
- De Waele JJ., et al. “Antimicrobial stewardship in ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic: back to the 90s?”. Intensive Care Medicine1 (2021): 104-106.
- Abraham EP and Chain E. “An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin”. Nature3713 (1940): 837.
- Davies J and Davies D. “Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance”. Microbiology and molecular Biology Reviews3 (2010): 417-433.
- Kakkar M., et al. “Antibiotic resistance and its containment in India”. Bmj (2017): 358.
- Battisti A., et al. “Heterogeneity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Italian pig finishing holdings”. Veterinary Microbiology3-4 (2010): 361-366.
- Bostan K., et al. “Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter species on beef, mutton, and chicken carcasses in Istanbul, Turkey”. Microbial Drug Resistance2 (2009): 143-149.
- Jensen AN., et al. “The occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in organic pigs and their outdoor environment”. Veterinary Microbiology 1-3 (2006): 96-105.
- Scarafile G. “Antibiotic resistance: current issues and future strategies”. Reviews in Health Care 1 (2016): 3-16.
- Andrei S., et al. “FDA approved antibacterial drugs: 2018-2019”. Discoveries 4 (2019).
- Sunuwar J and Azad RK. “Identification of Novel Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Using Machine Learning, Homology Modeling, and Molecular Docking”. Microorganisms11 (2022): 2102.
- Huang DB., et al. “A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous iclaprim vs vancomycin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections suspected or confirmed to be due to gram-positive pathogens: REVIVE-1”. Clinical Infectious Diseases8 (2018): 1222-1229.
- Parmanik A., et al. “Current treatment strategies against multidrug-resistant bacteria: a review”. Current Microbiology12 (2022): 388.
- Donaldson K., et al. “Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety”. Toxicological sciences1 (2006): 5-22.
- Aunkor MT., et al. “Antibacterial activity of graphene oxide nanosheet against multidrug resistant superbugs isolated from infected patients”. Royal Society Open Science7 (2020): 200640.
- Kumar P., et al. “Antibacterial properties of graphene-based nanomaterials”. Nanomaterials5 (2019): 737.
- Karwowska E. “Antibacterial potential of nanocomposite-based materials–a short review”. Nanotechnology Reviews2 (2017): 243-254.
- Pinto RJ., et al. “Antibacterial activity of nanocomposites of copper and cellulose”. BioMed Research International (2013).
- Mubeen B., et al. “Nanotechnology as a novel approach in combating microbes providing an alternative to antibiotics”. Antibiotics12 (2021): 1473.
- Kenawy ER., et al. “The chemistry and applications of antimicrobial polymers: a state-of-the-art review”. Biomacromolecules5 (2007): 1359-1384.
- Shvero DK., et al. “Characterisation of the antibacterial effect of polyethyleneimine nanoparticles in relation to particle distribution in resin composite”. Journal of Dentistry2 (2015): 287-294.
- Beyth N., et al. “Polyethyleneimine nanoparticles incorporated into resin composite cause cell death and trigger biofilm stress in vivo”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences51 (2010): 22038-22043.
- Feng Y., et al. “Preparation and characterization of nano TiO2 antibacterial corrugating medium”. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology12 (2017): 8912-8917.
- Emamifar A., et al. “Evaluation of nanocomposite packaging containing Ag and ZnO on shelf life of fresh orange juice”. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies4 (2010): 742-748.
- Villegas C., et al. “PLA/organoclay bionanocomposites impregnated with thymol and cinnamaldehyde by supercritical impregnation for active and sustainable food packaging”. Composites Part B: Engineering 176 (2019): 107336.
- Rudramurthy GR., et al. “Nanoparticles: alternatives against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes”. Molecules7 (2016): 836.
- Zaidi S., et al. “Nano-therapeutics: a revolution in infection control in post antibiotic era”. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine7 (2017): 2281-301.
- Nguyen NY., et al. “Antimicrobial activities and mechanisms of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nMgO) against pathogenic bacteria, yeasts, and biofilms”. Scientific Report1 (2018): 16260.
- Nijhara R and Balakrishnan K. “Bringing nanomedicines to market: regulatory challenges, opportunities, and uncertainties”. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine2 (2006): 127-136.
- Sandhiya S., et al. “Emerging trends of nanomedicine–an overview”. Fundamental and clinical Pharmacology3 (2009): 263-269.
- El-Ansary A and Al-Daihan S. “On the toxicity of therapeutically used nanoparticles: an overview”. Journal of Toxicology (2009).
- Lei R., et al. “Integrated metabolomic analysis of the nano-sized copper particle-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats: a rapid in vivo screening method for nanotoxicity”. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology2 (2008): 292-301.
- Kroll A., et al. “Current in vitro methods in nanoparticle risk assessment: limitations and challenges”. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics2 (2009): 370-377.
- Kamble C., et al. “SARS-CoV-2 B. 1.617. 2 (Delta), B. 1.617. 2.1 (Delta Plus) Variant and Vaccine Strategies”. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Medical Science and Technology3 (2021): 63-75. SARS-CoV-2 B.;1 (2): 2.
- Gupte N and Pradhan S. “COVID-19 Pandemic: Upswing in Antibiotic Misuse”. Medicon Medical Sciences 1 (2021): 70-75.
- Gillings MR., et al. “Genomics and the evolution of antibiotic resistance”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences1 (2017): 92-107.
- D’Costa VM., et al. “Expanding the soil antibiotic resistome: exploring environmental diversity”. Current opinion in Microbiology5 (2007): 481-489.
- Wright GD. “The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity”. Nature Reviews Microbiology3 (2007): 175-186.
- Allen HK., et al. “Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments”. Nature Reviews Microbiology4 (2010): 251-259.
- Riesenfeld CS., et al. “Uncultured soil bacteria are a reservoir of new antibiotic resistance genes”. Environmental Microbiology9 (2004): 981-989.
- Cunha CB. “Antimicrobial stewardship programs: principles and practice”. Medical Clinics5 (2018): 797-803.
- Saini V., et al. “Paradigm shift in antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial isolates during the COVID-19 pandemic”. Antibiotics8 (2021): 954.
- Vijay S., et al. “Secondary infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Indian experience”. Infection and Drug Resistance (2021): 1893-1903.
- Lazure P., et al. “Gaps and barriers in the implementation and functioning of antimicrobial stewardship programmes: results from an educational and behavioural mixed methods needs assessment in France, the United States, Mexico and India”. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance5 (2022): dlac094.
- Tomczyk S., et al. “Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance, prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance: a global survey”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy11 (2021): 3045-3058.
- Weldon I and Hoffman SJ. “Bridging the commitment-compliance gap in global health politics: lessons from international relations for the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance”. Global Public Health1 (2021): 60-74.
- Singh S., et al. “A road-map for addressing antimicrobial resistance in low-and middle-income countries: lessons learnt from the public private participation and co-designed antimicrobial stewardship programme in the State of Kerala, India”. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control1 (2021): 1-9.
- Who HQ and Gutierrez M. “What Is the Coronavirus Disease COVID-19?”. Penguin Young Readers Group; (2021).
- “India: Coronavirus cases” (2021).
- Waksman SA. “History of the word ‘antibiotic’”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences3 (1973): 284-286.
- Linares JF., et al. “Antibiotics as intermicrobial signaling agents instead of weapons”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences51 (2006): 19484-19489.
- Davies J., et al. “The world of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations”. Current Opinion in Microbiology5 (2006): 445-453.
- Ryan RP and Dow JM. “Diffusible signals and interspecies communication in bacteria”. Microbiology 7 (2008): 1845-1858.
- Yim G., et al. “Antibiotics as signalling molecules”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences1483 (2007): 1195-1200.
- Indian Council of Medical Research. Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Guideline (2018).
- Pulcini C., et al. “Developing core elements and checklist items for global hospital antimicrobial stewardship programmes: a consensus approach”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection1 (2019): 20-25.
Citation
Copyright