Abhinandan Patil¹, Neha Singh²* and Khushboo Bhange³

¹D. Y. Patil Education Society, (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, India

*Corresponding Author: Neha Singh, Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Received: June 27, 2023; Published: July 12, 2023

Abstract

The urgent desire to reduce the health risks associated with viral infections is driving significant progress in the study of viral pathogenesis and antibiotic treatments. Insights into viral pathogenesis processes and promising new approaches to antimicrobial intervention are the goals of this extensive review. The first part of the paper is a comprehensive analysis of viral pathogenesis, which includes viral entrance, replication, and spread in host cells. It investigates the complex molecular processes of viral infections by exploring the relationships between viral proteins and host factors. It also delves into the intricate immunological responses that viral infections elicit and how they contribute to viral clearance and disease development. Antimicrobial interventions are discussed next, with an emphasis on the many strategies used to tackle viral infections. Novel targets for antiviral medicines are discussed, as well as the optimization of treatment regimens. Traditional vaccinations, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and viral vector-based vaccines are all included in this overview, along with their respective achievements. Also discussed are immune-based therapeutics for treating viral infections, including the use of monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. To better understand viral pathogenesis and direct antibiotic therapies, molecular methods are crucial. Viral strain identification, therapeutic target discovery, and customized therapy are just few of the topics covered in this overview of genomes, proteomics, and transcriptomics' applications in the field of virus research. Predicting viral evolution, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, and improving treatment regimens are also investigated, as is the integration of bioinformatics and computer modeling. Significant progress has been achieved, however there are still issues to be resolved. New viral diseases are constantly being discovered, and old viruses are constantly changing, making it difficult to keep up with them all and come up with efficient therapies. Antiviral medicines and vaccinations are discussed, along with their availability, price, and fair distribution. The analysis also highlights promising avenues for future research into viral pathogenesis and antibiotic treatments. In it, the possibilities of single-cell analysis, systems biology, and high-throughput sequencing technology for expanding our knowledge of viral infections are discussed. Accelerating the development of antiviral drugs and improving treatment results might be possible with the combination of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. Detecting and reacting to new viral risks also requires multidisciplinary efforts and a "One Health" perspective. This study concludes with an extensive account of the pathophysiology of viruses and the antimicrobial therapies that have been developed to combat them.

 Keywords: Antiviral Pathogenesis; Viral Disease; Drug Development; Infections; Antiviral Drugs

References

1. Fenner F. “Mouse-pox; infectious ectromelia of mice; a review”. Journal of Immunology 63 (1949): 341-373. 
2. Griffin DE. “Immune responses during measles virus infection”. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 191 (1995): 117-134. 
3. Jackson AC and Zhen FU. “Pathogenesis”. In: Jackson A.C., editor. Rabies, Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management. third ed. Elsevier/Academic Press; San Diego (2013): 299-349. 
4. Kaslow RA. “Epidemiology and control: Principles, practice and programs”. In: Kaslow R.A., Stanberry L.R., LeDuc J.W., editors. Viral Infections of Humans. fifth ed. Springer; (2014).
5. Nathanson N., Ahmed R., Gonzalez-Scarano F., Griffin D.E., Holmes K.V., Murphy F.A., editors. Viral Pathogenesis.Lippincott-Raven; Philadelphia: (1997). 
6. Nathanson N., et al. “Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity”. Second ed. Academic Press; London: (2007). 
7. Racaniello VR. “One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis”. Virology 344 (2006): 9-16.
8. Taubenberger JK., et al. “Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus: Unexpected rewards from the past”. mBio 5 (2012). 
9. Tisoncik JR., et al. “Into the eye of the cytokine storm”. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (2012): 16-32.
10. Virgin HW. “In vivoveritas: Pathogenesis of infection as it actually happens”. Nature Immunology 8 (2007): 1143-1147.
11. Patil A., et al. “Encapsulation of lactic acid bacteria by lyophilisation with its effects on viability and adhesion properties”. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022).
12. Nalawade AS., et al. “A comprehensive review on morphological, genetic and phytochemical diversity, breeding and bioprospecting studies of genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. from India”. Trends in Phytochemical Research 1 (2022): 19-45.
13. Patil KG., et al. “MEHSANA BUFFALO MILK AS PREBIOTICS FOR GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS”. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research1 (2011): 114-117.
14. Das N., et al. “Inhibitory effect of selected Indian honey on colon cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and targeting the β-catenin/Wnt pathway”. Food and Function15 (2022): 8283-8303.
15. Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Discovery (scholarsresearchlibrary.com).
16. Patil MJ and Mali V. “The Diverse Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Lactobacillus Discovered from Sheep Milk”. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences12 (2021): 69-70.
17. Abhinandan P SP and John D. “Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum with the cell adhesion properties”. Journal of Global Pharma Technology12 (2020): 1-6.
18. Patil A., et al. “Granules of unistrain lactobacillus as nutraceutical antioxidant agent”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research4 (2018): 1594-1599.
19. Anderson PL and Rower JE. “Zidovudine and Lamivudine for HIV Infection”. Clinical Medical Reviews and Case Reports 2 a2004 (2010).
20. Cataldi J., et al. “Use of Investigational Antiviral Drug Pocapavir to Treat Enteroviral Sepsis in Twin Neonates”. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2 (2015): 478.
21. Cheng L., et al. “Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review”. Vaccines 8 (2020): 391.
22. Cottin P., et al. “Safety profile of the yellow fever vaccine Stamaril®: a 17-year review”. Expert Review of Vaccines 12 (2013): 1351-1368.
23. Deng SQ., et al. “A Review on Dengue Vaccine Development”. Vaccines 8 (2020): 63.
24. Eastman RT., et al. “Remdesivir: A Review of Its Discovery and Development Leading to Emergency Use Authorization for Treatment of COVID-19”. ACS Central Science 6 (2020): 672-683.
25. Firbas C and Jilma B. “Product review on the JE vaccine IXIARO”. Human Vaccines Immunotherapy 11 (2015): 411-420.
26. Graham BS. “Advances in Antiviral vaccine development”. Immunology Review 255 (2013).
27. Hussain FS., et al. “Nano-antivirals: A comprehensive review”. Frontiers in Nanotechnology 4 (2022).
28. Jefferson T., et al. “Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments”. BMJ 348 (2014): 2545.
29. Kausar S., et al. “A review: Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs”. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 35 (2021): 20587384211002620.
30. Lokhande AS., et al. “A review on possible mechanistic insights of Nitazoxanide for repurposing in COVID-19”. European Journal of Pharmacology 891 (2021): 173748.
31. Patel R., et al. “A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson and Johnson”. Human Vaccines Immunotherapy 18 (2020): 2002083.
32. Rao AK., et al. “Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022”. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71 (2022): 734-742.
33. Ray R., et al. “A review of the value of quadrivalent influenza vaccines and their potential contribution to influenza control”. Human Vaccines Immunotherapy 13 (2017): 1640-1652.
34. Skansberg A., et al. “Product review of the rotavirus vaccines ROTASIIL, ROTAVAC, and Rotavin-M1”. Human Vaccines Immunotherapy 17 (2020): 1223-1234.
35. Taylor M and Gerriets V. “Acyclovir”. in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL) (2023).
36. Temesgen Z and Siraj DS. “Raltegravir: first in class HIV integrase inhibitor”. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 4 (2023): 493-500.
37. Singh N., et al. “Vertical Virus Transmission from SARS-CoV-2-positive Mothers to Neonates: An Experience at Tertiary Care Hospital”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1 (2022): 1-5.
38. Venters C., et al. “Recombivax-HB: perspectives past, present and future”. Expert Review on Vaccines 3 (2004): 119-129.
39. Singh N and Rai V. “Improved antimicrobial compound production by a new isolate Streptomyces hygroscopicus MTCC 4003 using Plackett-Burman design and response Surface methodology”. Bioinformation 21 (2012): 1021-1025.
40. Victoria JG., et al. “Viral Nucleic Acids in Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Detection of Minority Variants and an Adventitious Virus”. Journal of Virology 84 (2010): 6033-6040.
41. Wallis RS., et al. “Host-directed immunotherapy of viral and bacterial infections: past, present and future”. Nature Reviews Immunology 23 (2023): 121-133.
42. Singh N and Bhange K. “Environmental fungal spore aerosolization: a review”. Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology: Open access 1 (2023): 20-22.
43. Xu S., et al. “Newly Emerging Strategies in Antiviral Drug Discovery: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on Occasion of His 80th Anniversary”. Molecules 27 (2022): 850.
44. Sherwani N., et al. “Clinico-epidemiological profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals investigated at tertiary care hospital”. Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 4 (2021): 187-191.
45. Patil A., et al. “Banana fibers camouflaging as a gut worm in a 6-month-old infant”. Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine3 (2019): 245-247.
46. Singh N., et al. “Purification and chemical characterization of antimicrobial compounds from a new soil isolate Streptomyces rimosus MTCC 10792”. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 49 (2013): 473-480.
47. In Vitro Antimycotic Activity against C. Albicans ATCC 24433 by the Soil Isolate Streptomyces sp. M7 (scholarsresearchlibrary.com).
48. Virgin HW. “In vivo veritas: Pathogenesis of infection as it actually happens”. Nature Immunology 8 (2007): 1143-1147.
49. Sherwani N., et al. “Placental Histopathology in COVID-19-Positive Mothers”. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32 (2022): 1098-1102.
50. Singh N., et al. “Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Associated With COVID-19 Infection in Pregnant Mothers Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital in Central State of India”. Cureus 4 (2023): e38235.
51. Diwan T., et al. “Biomedical Waste Management: An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Healthcare Workers in Tertiary Care Hospital, Chhattisgarh”. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 1 (2023): 211-221.
52. Singh N and Rai V. “In vitro antimycotic activity of a new isolate Streptomyces fradiae MTCC 11051 against the multi-drug resistant pathogenic fungi”. Journal of Pharmacy Research4 (2013): 331-336.

Citation

Citation: Neha Singh., et al. “Antiviral Pathogenesis and Interventions: New Understandings and Developments". Acta Scientific Microbiology 6.8 (2023): 02-14.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Neha Singh., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.