Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 5 Issue 12

Microbial Etiopathogenesis of Gastric Malignancy

Amresh Kumar Singh1*, Vivek Gaur2 and Yogendra Singh3

1Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Baba Raghav Das Medical College Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

2Junior Resident, Viral Diagnostic Research Lab, Department of Microbiology, Baba Raghav Das Medical College Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

3Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Baba Raghav Das Medical College Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author: Amresh Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Baba Raghav Das Medical College Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received: October 21, 2022; Published: November 11, 2022

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common disease and fifth most common cancer among male and seventh most common cancer among female in India. It is the most frequent causes of majority of deaths among non-communicable diseases in the world. The incidence of GC is higher in developed Asian countries like Republic of Korea, China, India and Japan. This review summarizes the newer concepts of microbial etiopathogenesis and molecular or recent diagnostic tools of GC and the new important recommendations for the management of patient with GC.

The etiological factors and pathogenesis of GC are not yet fully understood but it is affected by several other factors like; strain diversity, genetics, environmental, immunological response of host, exposure to N-nitroso compounds from diet or smoking, alcohol, low socioeconomic status, BMI, age, previous gastric surgery and geographical distribution. To understand the pathogenesis of GC, several researchers mentioned the incidence, etiology, diagnostic tools and the different therapeutic options have also undergone important changes in recent years. Helicobacter pylori is a well recognized risk factor, which can modulate the acidity of the stomach to alter the gastric microbiome, causing H. pylori-associated diseases. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that bacteria other than H. pylori and their metabolites also contribute to gastric carcinogenesis. Therefore, the development and progression of GC can lead to improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenic effects of H. pylori and non-H. pylori microorganism in GC, as well as the potential therapeutic role for GC.

Keywords: Gastric Cancer; Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT); H. pylori; Microbial Pathogenesis of Gastric Carcinoma; Gastric Malignancy

References

  1. Piazuelo BM., et al. “Gastric cancer: an infectious disease”. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 4 (2010): 853-869.
  2. Barad AK., et al. “Gastric cancer-a clinic-pathological study in a tertiary care centre of North-eastern India”. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2 (2014): 142-147.
  3. Ferlay J., et al. “Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008”. International Journal of Cancer 127 (2010): 2893-917.
  4. Power C., et al. “Socioeconomic position in childhood and early adult life and risk of mortality: A prospective study of the mothers of the 1958 British birth cohort”. American Journal of Public Health 95 (2005): 1396-402.
  5. Hu B., et al. “Gastric cancer: Classification, histology and application of molecular pathology”. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 3 (2012): 251-261.
  6. “Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer”. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans (1994): 177-240.
  7. Bouvard V., et al. “A review of human carcinogens--Part B: biological agents”. Lancet Oncology4 (2009): 321-322.
  8. Carcas LP. “Gastric cancer review”. Journal of Carcinog (2014): 13-14.
  9. de Martel C., et al. “Gastric cancer: Epidemiology and risk factors”. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 42 (2013): 219-240.
  10. Sonnenberg A. “Time trends of mortality from gastric cancer in Europe”. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 56 (2011): 1112-1118.
  11. Nagini S. “Carcinoma of the stomach: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular genetics and chemoprevention”. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 7 (2012): 156-169. 
  12. Cover TL. “Helicobacter pylori diversity and gastric cancer risk”. mBio1 (2016): e01869-15.
  13. Linz B., et al. “An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori”. Nature 45 (2007): 915-918.
  14. Kim Y., et al. “Stomach cancer incidence rates among Americans, Asian Americans and Native Asians from 1988 to 2011”. Epidemiology and Health 37 (2015): e2015006.
  15. Ishaq S andNunn “Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a state of the art review”. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench 8 (2015): 6-14.
  16. Wroblewski LE., et al. “Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: factors that modulate disease risk”. Clinical Microbiology Review4 (2010): 713-739.
  17. Khan FA andShukla AN. “Pathogenesis and treatment of gastric carcinoma: "an up-date with brief review". Journal of Cancer Research Therapy 4 (2006): 196-169.
  18. Sato M., et al. “Association of host immunity with Helicobacter pyloriinfection in recurrent gastric cancer”. Infectious Agents and Cancer 14 (2019): 4.
  19. Venkateshwari A., et al. “Helicobacter pylori infection in relation to gastric cancer progression”. Indian Journal of Cancer1 (2011): 94-98.
  20. Kusters JG., et al. “Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3 (2006): 449-490.
  21. Stadtlander CT and Waterbor JW. “Molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention of gastric cancer”. Carcinogenesis12 (1999): 2195-2208.
  22. Huang S., et al. “Mycoplasma infections and different human carcinomas”. World Journal of Gastroenterology2 (2001): 266-269.
  23. Yang H., et al. “Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric carcinoma and its effects on the malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells”. BMC Gastroenterology 10 (2010): 132.
  24. Cheng VC., et al. “Outbreak of intestinal infection due to Rhizopus microspores”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology9 (2009): 2834-2843. 
  25. Van Duynhoven YT and de Jonge R. “Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: a role for food?”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 5 (2001): 455-460.
  26. Chmiela M., et al. “Host pathogen interactions in Helicobacter pylorirelated gastric cancer”. World Journal of Gastroenterology9 (2017): 1521-1540.
  27. Mansfield PF., et al. “Clinical Manifestations”. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th Hamilton (ON): BC Decker (2003). 
  28. net. “Doctor-approved patient information from ASCO”. Approved by the Cancer. Net Editorial Board (2019).
  29. Takahashi T., et al. “Gastric cancer: current status of diagnosis and treatment”. Cancers (Basel)1 (2013): 48-63.
  30. Guarner J and Brandt ME. “Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century”. Clinical Microbiology Review2 (2011): 247-280.
  31. Tosato G and Cohen JI. “Generation of Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV)-Immortalized B Cell Lines”. Current Protocols in Immunology 76 (2007): 7.22.1-7.22.4.
  32. De Paschale M and Clerici P. “Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection: Problems and solutions”. World Journal of Virology1 (2012): 31-43.
  33. Salehi H., et al. “Comparison of serological and molecular test for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis”. Advanced Biomedical Research (2016): 5-95.
  34. Hassan R., et al. “Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) detection and typing by PCR: a contribution to diagnostic screening of EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma”. Diagnostic Pathology (2006): 1-17.
  35. Elsalem L., et al. “The Bacterial Microbiota of Gastrointestinal Cancers: Role in Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspectives”. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology 13 (2020): 151-185.
  36. Yang J., et al. “Role of the Gastric Microbiome in Gastric Cancer: From Carcinogenesis to Treatment”. Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (2021): 641322.

Citation

Citation: Amresh Kumar Singh., et al. “Microbial Etiopathogenesis of Gastric Malignancy". Acta Scientific Microbiology 5.12 (2022): 27-36.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Amresh Kumar Singh., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In






News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is July 10, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US