Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Research Article Volume 5 Issue 10

High Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Buffalo Beef Sold at Retail Butcheries in Northern India

Javed Ahamad Khan1,3, Ram Swaroop Rathore2, Iqbal Ahmad3*, Rubina Gill4, Fohad Mabood Husain5, Javeed Akhtar6

1Department of Natural Resource Management, Bedele Campus of Agriculture and Forestry, Mettu University, Ethiopia

2Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India

3Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, India

4School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, India

5Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

6Department of Chemical Engineering, Adigrat University, Tigray, Ethiopia

*Corresponding Author: Iqbal Ahmad, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, India.

Received: August 05, 2022; Published: September 22, 2022

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive cocci bacterium causes food poisoning in human population due to consumption of contaminated food. The bacterium may be part of the normal human microbiota which can cause wide range of diseases from skin and soft-tissue infections to severe invasive disease such as infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome. In past, the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus has increased manifolds due to the bacterial evolution and antibiotic exploitation of antibiotics. Therefore, screening of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus time to time can be useful enormously for the treating S. aureus associated infections. Hence, this study was intended to investigate the status of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in beef of buffalo origin. Fifty raw beef samples were randomly collected from different retail butcheries shops in Bareilly city, northern India and determined the load and prevalence of S. aureus. The mean values of S. aureus count were observed from log10 1.0 cfu/g to log 3.6 cfu/g. Beef samples were also screened for the prevalence (36.0%) of the S. aureus following cultural methods of BAM/CFSAN and isolated eighteen S. aureus isolates. All isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting nuclease (nuc) gene. The isolates were scrutinized for antibiotic resistance. The utmost resistance were showed for penicillin (72.2%) and ampicillin (44.4%). The high prevalence (94.4%) of multidrug resistance (MDR) was monitored in S. aureus isolates. High prevalence of buffalo beef with antimicrobial‑resistant S. aureus exhibits an alarming situation and obliges for specific utilization of antibiotics in buffaloes in the study area.

Keywords: S. aureus; Beef; nuc Gene; Multidrug Resistance (MDR)

References

  1. “Staphylococcal (Staph) aureus Food Poisoning”. Food Safety (2018).
  2. Wu S., et al. “Staphylococcus aureusisolated from retail meat and meat products in China: Incidence, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity”. Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 2767.
  3. Agmas B., et al. “Staphylococcus aureus Health Risk from Ready-To-Eat Raw Beef Meat and Associated Risk Factors in North West Ethiopia”. Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutrition2 (2020): 348-359.
  4. Ogofure N and Igbinosa EO. “Effects of rinsing on Staphylococcus aureus load in frozen meats and fish obtained from open markets in Benin City, Nigeria”. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology2 (2021): 294-299.
  5. Gavai K., et al. “Effect of Biltong Dried Beef Processing on the Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes, coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the Contribution of the Major Marinade Components”. Microorganisms 10 (2022): 1308.
  6. Carrel M., et al. “Assessing the potential for raw meat to influence human colonization with Staphylococcus aureus”. Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 10848.
  7. FSSAI, Food safety and standard authority of India (2015): 1-110 (1)/SP (Biological Hazards)/FSSAI/2010ADVT-III/4/Exty./187-O/15 (152).
  8. ICMSF (International Commission for the Microbiological Specifications of Foods). “Sampling for microbial analysis: principles and specific applications”. 2nd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Palo Alto, CA (1986): 130-154.
  9. Haulisah NA., et al. “High Levels of Antibiotic Resistance in Isolates From Diseased Livestock”. Frontiers in Veterinary Sciences 8 (2021):
  10. Eid HM., et al. “Multidrug-resistant and enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk of cows at small-scale production units”. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research1 (2022): 113-121.
  11. Hassani S., et al. “High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic foodborne bacteria isolated from bovine milk”. Scientific Reports 12 (2022):
  12. Parvin MS., et al. “Sink survey to investigate multidrug resistance pattern of common foodborne bacteria from wholesale chicken markets in Dhaka city of Bangladesh”. Scientific Reports 12 (2022):
  13. Andrews WH and Hammack TS. “Food sampling and preparation of sample homogenate”. In: Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual 8th Ed, (revision A), Chapter 1, Jackson GJ, Merker RI, Bandler R. Ed., Gaithersburg, MD, AOAC International.
  14. Bennett RW and Lancette GA. “Staphylococcus aureus”. Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th Ed., Revision A, Chapter 12 (1998).
  15. Cruickshank R., et al. “Medical microbiology: The practice of Medical Microbiology, 12th, Vol. (II), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg, London and New York (1975).
  16. “Biosafety”. Guide for bio-Rad products in food testing (2011).
  17. Sambrook J and Russell DW. “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”. 3rd, Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York (2001).
  18. Brakstad O G., et al. “Detection of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nuc gene”Journal of Clinical Microbiology 7 (1992): 1654-1660.
  19. Giacomelli M., et al. “Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poultry in Italy”. Microbial Drug Resistance 20 (2014): 181-188.
  20. Wilfred Ruban S., et al. “Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp from retail chicken meat by polymerase chain reaction”. International Journal of Microbiological Research3 (2010): 106-109.
  21. Tsehayneh B., et al. “Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Ready-to-Eat Raw Beefin Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia”. International Journal of Microbiology (2021): 1-8.
  22. Hassan MA., et al. “Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in some meat products using PCR technique”. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal1 (2018): 392-403.
  23. Datta S., et al. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Raw Meat and Meat Products, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Isolated Staphylococcus aureus”. Agriculture, Food and Analytical Bacteriology 2 (2012): 187-194.
  24. Alvseike O., et al. “Slaughter hygiene in European cattle and sheep abattoirs assessed by microbiological testing and Hygiene Performance Rating”. Food Control 101 (2019): 233-240.
  25. Saadat RY., et al. “Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in organic milk and cheese in Tabriz, Iran”. Iranian Journal of Microbiology5 (2014): 345-349.
  26. Rola JG., et al. “Prevalence of enterotoxin genes and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-positive staphylococci recovered from raw cow milk”. Journal of Dairy Science 98 (2015): 4273-4278.
  27. Zhou Z., et al. “Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureusisolated from goats in Chongqing, China”. BMC Veterinary Research 13 (2017): 352.
  28. Sudhanthiramani S., et al. “Prevalence of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk samples collected from the local vendors in the region of Tirupathi, India”. Veterinary World4 (2015): 478-481.
  29. Zehra A., et al. “Methicillin susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the retail meat shops and customers”. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 8 (2019): 1929-1939.
  30. Mahanti A., et al. “Characterization of methicillin-resistant and enterotoxins producing Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk in India”. Journalof Agriculture and Food Research 2 (2020): 1-5.
  31. Savariraj WR., et al. “Occurrence and enterotoxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureusisolated from retail chicken meat”. Food Science and Technology International 7 (2021): 619-625.
  32. Bhargava K., et al. “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA (letter)”. Emerging Infectious Diseases (2011): 1-4.
  33. Adzitey F., et al. “Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw and grilled beef in Nyankpala community in the Northern Region of Ghana”. Cogent Food and Agriculture1 (2019): 1671115.
  34. Naas HT., et al. “Occurrence, characterization, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in meat, meat products, and some seafood from Libyan retail markets”. Veterinary World 6 (2019): 925-931.
  35. Sadiq A., et al. “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Slaughter Houses and Meat Shops in Capital Territory of Pakistan During 2018-2019”. Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (2020): 577707.
  36. Martínez-Vázquez AV., et al. “Detection of multi-drug resistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico”. Annals of Microbiology16 (2021): 1-8.
  37. Sanlıbaba P. “Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw beef, sheep, and lamb meat in Turkey”. International Journal of Food Microbiology109461 (2022): 1-9.
  38. Thwala T., et al. “Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterotoxin and mec Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Beef-Based Protein Sources from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa”. Microorganisms 10 (2022):
  39. Saini V., et al. “Herd-level association between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus isolates on Canadian dairy farms”. Journal of Dairy Science4 (2012): 1921-1929.
  40. Shawish RR and Al-Humam NA. “Contamination of beef products with staphylococcal classical enterotoxins in Egypt and Saudi Arabia”. Hygiene and Infection Control 11 (2016): 1-6.
  41. Ayeni FA. “Prevalence, Diagnosis and Local Susceptibility of Staphylococci Infections”. In: Ozbak,H. H., and Afrin, F., Ed., Staphylococcus aureus. IntechOpen, United Kingdom (2018): 75-90.
  42. Datta S., et al. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Raw Meat and Meat Products, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Isolated Staphylococcus aureus”. Agriculture, Food and Analytical Bacteriology3 (2012): 187-196.
  43. Naas HT., et al. “Occurrence, characterization, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in meat, meat products, and some seafood from Libyan retail markets”. Veterinary World6 (2019): 925-931.
  44. Thwala T., et al. “Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Meat and Meat Products in African Countries: A Review”. Antibiotics 10 (2021): 1108.
  45. Mahanti A., et al. “Characterization of methicillin-resistant and enterotoxins producing Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk in India”. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 2 (2020): 1-5.
  46. Gutierrez LL., et al. “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat raw in Cartagena, Colombia”. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía1 (2017): 8091-8098.
  47. Bissong MEA., et al. “Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk and Beef from the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon”. BioMed Research International (2020): 1-12.
  48. CDC, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Na.tional Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS). CDC’s Role in Tracking Resistance. NARMS Surveillance and Laboratory Testing (2019).
  49. Likhitha P., et al. “Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail buffalo meat in Anand, India”. The Pharma Innovation Journal SP-11.6 (2022): 17-20.
  50. Shathish Sharma BJ., et al. “Incidence and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat Products”. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9 (2018): 3163-3169.
  51. Wilfred Ruban S., et al. “Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail buffalo meat in Chennai, India”. Buffalo Bulletin1 (2018): 51-59.
  52. Rahman MA., et al. “Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk, chicken meat, beef and egg in Bangladesh”. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2 (2018): 185-183.
  53. Thapaliya, et al. “Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in commercially available meat over a one-year period in Iowa, USA”. Food Microbiology 65 (2017): 122-129.
  54. Fan Y., et al. “Prevalence and relevance analysis of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of meat, poultry and human origin”. Indian Journal of Animal Research1 (2015): 86-90.
  55. Saud B., et al. “Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria from Raw Meat of Buffalo and Chicken, Nepal”. Veterinary Medicine International (2019).
  56. Kim SJ., et al. “Nationwide Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Major Food Animal Carcasses in South Korea During 2010-2018”. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease6 (2021): 388-398.
  57. Martínez-Vázquez AV., et al. “Detection of multi-drug resistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico”. Annals of Microbiology16 (2021): 1-8.
  58. Haskell KJ., et al. “Antibiotic resistance is lower in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from antibiotic-free raw meat as compared to conventional raw meat”. PLoS ONE12 (2018): e0206712,1-12.
  59. Aslam B., et al. “Antibiotic Resistance: One Health One World Outlook”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infectious Microbiology 11 (2021): 771510.
  60. Geta K and Kibret M. “Knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal farm owners/workers on antibiotic use and resistance in Amhara region, north western Ethiopia”. Scientific Reports21211 (2021): 1-13.

Citation

Citation: Iqbal Ahmad., et al. “High Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Buffalo Beef Sold at Retail Butcheries in Northern India". Acta Scientific Microbiology 5.10 (2022): 12-21.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Iqbal Ahmad., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In






News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US