Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 5 Issue 9

Emerging Threats to Community Due to Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanism and Facts

Monalisa Debbarma, Purabi Baral and Rajashree Panigrahy*

IMS and SUM Hospital, Shiksha o Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India

*Corresponding Author: Rajashree Panigrahy, Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India, Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4015-4894.

Received: July 22, 2022; Published: August 05, 2022

Abstract

Due to emerging resistance mechanisms imposed by the microbes, antimicrobial resistance creates a danger to our ability to treat the prevalent infections. It is particularly concerning to see how the multi-drug resistant microorganisms which are also known as "superbugs," are expanding across the globe and causing diseases that are drug resistant. Clinical trials for new antibiotics are increasingly running out. Out of thirty two antibiotics, six were classified as novel by WHO in 2019. The scarcity of top-notch antimicrobials continues to be a major problem. The lack of antibiotics is wreaking havoc on developing nations, especially for the healthcare industry. As drug resistance grows globally, antibiotics are becoming more and more valuable. Because AMR reduces the patient’s recovery or caregiver’s productivity by requiring longer hospital period for more intensive and expensive treatment affecting economic and health care cost. Therefore, there should be rationale use of antimicrobials and hence the antimicrobial prescription has to be updated periodically and followed.

Keywords:Anti-bacterial; Antibiotics; Drug-Resistance; Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR); Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria; Anti-fungal; Anti-viral; Anti-tubercular

References

  1. Wise R. “A review of the mechanisms of action and resistance of antimicrobial agents”. Canadian Respiratory Journal 6 (1999): 20A-22A.
  2. Lambert PA. “Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: Modified target sites”. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 57 (2005): 1471-1485.
  3. Bozdogan B and Appelbaum PC. “Oxazolidinones: Activity, mode of action, and mechanism of resistance”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 23 (2004): 113-119.
  4. Higgins PG., et al. “Fluoroquinolones: Structure and target sites”. Current Drug Targets 4 (2003): 181-190.
  5. Lambert PA. “Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95 (2002): 22-26.
  6. Tenover FC. “Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria”. American Journal of Medicine 119 (2006): S3-10.
  7. Alekshun MN and Levy SB. “Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance”. Cell 128 (2007): 1037-1050.
  8. Hiramatsu K., et al. “The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. Trends in Microbiology 9 (2001): 486-493.
  9. Giedraitiene A., et al. “Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria”. Medicina (Kaunas) 47 (2011): 137-146.
  10. Kim YH., et al. “Purification and characterization of an erythromycin esterase from an erythromycin-resistant Pseudomonas sp”. FEMS Microbiology Letter 210 (2002): 239-244.
  11. Dockrell HM., et al. In: Attacking the enemy: Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy”. Medical Microbiology. Mims C, Dockrell HM, Goering RV, Roitt I, Wakelin D, Zuckerman M, editors. Netherlands: Elsevier Mosby (2004): 473-507.
  12. Rice LB., et al. “Mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents. In: Murray PR, editor. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th Washington, DC: ASM Press; (2003): 1084-1087.
  13. Jacoby GA and Munoz-Price LS. “The new beta-lactamases”. The New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005): 380-391.
  14. Ma L., et al. “Variety of TEM-, SHV-, and CTX-M-type beta-lactamases present in recent clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae from Taiwan”. Microbial Drug Resistance 11 (2005): 31-39.
  15. Bonnet R. “Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: The CTX-M enzymes”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48 (2004): 1-14.
  16. Rasmussen BA and Bush K. “Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41 (1997): 223-232.
  17. Crichlow GV., et al. “Structure of the extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae GC1, a natural mutant with a tandem tripeptide insertion”. Biochemistry 38 (1999): 10256-10261.
  18. Sengupta S., et al. “The multifaceted roles of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature”. Frontiers in Microbiology 4 (2013): 47.
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Disease Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Apr, (2013).
  20. Congressional Research Service Report Life expectancy in the United States. Mar (2005).
  21. Spellberg B and Gilbert DN. “The future of antibiotics and resistance: a tribute to a career of leadership by John Bartlett”. Clinical Infectious Disease 59 (2014): S71-S75.
  22. Viswanathan VK. “Off-label abuse of antibiotics by bacteria”. Gut Microbes1 (2014): 3-4.
  23. Read AF and Woods RJ. “Antibiotic resistance management”. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 1 (2014): 147.
  24. “The antibiotic alarm”. Nature 7440 (2014): 141.
  25. Lushniak BD. “Antibiotic resistance: a public health crisis”. Public Health Report4 (2014): 314-316.
  26. Michael CA., et al. “The antibiotic resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management”. Front Public Health 2 (2014): 145.

Citation

Citation: Rajashree Panigrahy., et al. “Emerging Threats to Community Due to Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanism and Facts". Acta Scientific Microbiology 5.9 (2022): 41-46 .

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Rajashree Panigrahy., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In






News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is July 10, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US