Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 5 Issue 1

CRISPR/Cas System: A Revolutionary Technique Applied Potentially from Diagnosis to Therapeutics in COVID-19

Roshan Roy1, Ashish Srivastava1,2*, Sonal Srivastava1, Taruna Gupta1, Tripti Singhal1, Prashant Kumar1, Sunny Dhir1 and Narayan Rishi1

1Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
2Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA

*Corresponding Author: Ashish Srivastava, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.

Received: November 30, 2021; Published: December 23, 2021

Abstract

The emergence of Coronavirus disease-2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has also bought new challenges to the researchers to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic methods for the pathogen. The preventive vaccines are approved for the public but their role in the development of herd immunity is not clear due to the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the prime requirement to cope up with the current situation is to develop highly sensitive diagnostics and effective therapeutics to restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among human population. CRISPR/Cas, a talk of the town, is one of the tools that has been used to develop sensitive, rapid and cost-effective diagnostics that may be made available even in the remote areas of the country. The ability of different Cas proteins viz. Cas9, Cas12, and Cas13 in binding and cleaving of dsDNA, ssDNA, and ssRNA, respectively, have been explored for these purposes. The Cas13 based Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells (PAC-MAN) and the Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic reporter unlocking (SHERLOCK) and Cas 12 based FALUDA technology have already been developed for diagnosis of COVID-19. This review summarizes the role of CRISPR/Cas based approaches for reliable, rapid, and ultrasensitive diagnostics development, and explore the possible therapeutic alternative for combating COVID-19.

 

Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Cas13; Diagnosis; Therapeutic; PAC-MAN

References

  1. K Dhama., et al. “An update on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 with particular reference to its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies”. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 37 (2020): 101755.
  2. S Zaim., et al. “COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response”. Current Problems in Cardiology 45 (2020): 100618.
  3. KG Andersen., et al. “The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2”. Nature Medicine 26 (2020): 450-452.
  4. YS Malik., et al. “Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments”. Veterinary Quarterly 40 (2020): 68-76.
  5. P Kumar., et al. “CRISPR-Cas System: An Approach with Potentials for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Therapeutics”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10 (2020): 639.
  6. Srivastava T., et al. “Next-Generation Rapid Advanced Molecular Diagnostics of COVID-19 by CRISPR-Cas”. Diagnostic Strategies. COVID-19 Other Coronaviruses. Medical Virology from Pathogenesis to Disease Control (2020): 175-187.
  7. S Srivastava., et al. “Next-Generation Molecular Diagnostics Development by CRISPR/Cas’s tool: rapid detection and surveillance of viral disease outbreaks”. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences (2020).
  8. MA Shereen., et al. “COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses”. Journal of Advanced Research 24 (2020): 91-98.
  9. R-H Xu., et al. “Epidemiologic clues to SARS origin in China”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 (2004): 1030-1037.
  10. F Li. “Receptor Recognition Mechanisms of Coronaviruses: a Decade of Structural Studies”. Journal of Virology 89 (2015).
  11. M Pal., et al. “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update”. Cureus 12 (2020): e7423.
  12. E Hartenian., et al. “The molecular virology of coronaviruses”. Journal of Biological Chemistry 295 (2020): 12910-12934.
  13. R Wölfel., et al. “Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019”. Nature 581 (2020): 465-469.
  14. Y Ishino., et al. “History of CRISPR-Cas from Encounter with a Mysterious Repeated Sequence to Genome Editing Technology”. Journal of Bacteriology 200 (2018).
  15. M Jinek., et al. “A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity”. Science 337 (2012): 816-821.
  16. K Sung., et al. “Target Specificity of Cas9 Nuclease via DNA Rearrangement Regulated by the REC2 Domain”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 140 (2018): 7778-7781.
  17. HY Kim., et al. “Chimeric crRNAs with 19 DNA residues in the guide region show the retained DNA cleavage activity of Cas9 with potential to improve the specificity”. Chemical Communications 55 (2019): 3552-3555.
  18. Z Liu., et al. “Application of different types of CRISPR/Cas-based systems in bacteria”. Microbial Cell Factories 19 (2020): 172.
  19. B Wiedenheft., et al. “RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea”. Nature 482 (2012): 331-338.
  20. J Murovec., et al. “New variants of CRISPR RNA-guided genome editing enzymes”. Plant Biotechnology Journal 15 (2017): 917-926.
  21. W Zhou., et al. “A CRISPR-Cas9-triggered strand displacement amplification method for ultrasensitive DNA detection”. Nature Communications 9 (2018): 5012.
  22. H Yang., et al. “Methods Favoring Homology-Directed Repair Choice in Response to CRISPR/Cas9 Induced-Double Strand Breaks”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (2020).
  23. OO Abudayyeh., et al. “C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector”. Science 353 (2016): aaf5573-aaf5573.
  24. M Lisboa Bastos., et al. “Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis”. BMJ 370 (2020): m2516.
  25. K Pardee., et al. “Rapid, Low-Cost Detection of Zika Virus Using Programmable Biomolecular Components”. Cell 165 (2016): 1255-1266.
  26. M Azhar., et al. “Rapid, field-deployable nucleobase detection and identification using FnCas9”. BioRxiv (2020).
  27. N Rusk. “Spotlight on Cas12”. Nature Methods 16 (2019): 215.
  28. S-Y Li., et al. “CRISPR-Cas12a-assisted nucleic acid detection”. Cell Discovery 4 (2018): 20.
  29. JP Broughton., et al. “CRISPR-Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2”. Nature Biotechnology 38 (2020): 870-874.
  30. Z Ali., et al. “An RT-LAMP-coupled CRISPR-Cas12 module for rapid, sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2”. Virus Research 288 (2020): 198129.
  31. X Ding., et al. “All-in-One Dual CRISPR-Cas12a (AIOD-CRISPR) Assay: A Case for Rapid, Ultrasensitive and Visual Detection of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and HIV virus”. BioRxiv - The Preprint Server for Biology (2020).
  32. LT Nguyen., et al. “Enhancement of trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a with engineered crRNA enables amplified nucleic acid detection”. Nature Communication 11 (2020): 4906.
  33. MJ Kellner., et al. “SHERLOCK: nucleic acid detection with CRISPR nucleases”. Nature Protocols 15 (2020): 1311.
  34. , et al. “A protocol for detection of COVID-19 using CRISPR diagnostics”. Bio Archive (2020): 1-8.
  35. JN Rauch., et al. “A Scalable, Easy-to-Deploy, Protocol for Cas13-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Material”. BioRxiv4 (2020): e02402-02420.
  36. CM Ackerman., et al. “Massively multiplexed nucleic acid detection with Cas13”. Nature 582 (2020): 277-282.
  37. TR Abbott., et al. “Development of CRISPR as an Antiviral Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza”. Cell 181 (2020): 865-876.
  38. TM Nguyen., et al. “Virus against virus: a potential treatment for 2019-nCov (SARS-CoV-2) and other RNA viruses”. Cell Research 30 (2020): 189-190.
  39. U Unniyampurath., et al. “RNA Interference in the Age of CRISPR: Will CRISPR Interfere with RNAi?” International Journal of Molecular Science 17 (2016): 291.
  40. M Lotfi and N Rezaei. “CRISPR/Cas13: A potential therapeutic option of COVID-19”. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 131 (2020): 110738.
  41. J Straiton. “CRISPR vs COVID-19: how can gene editing help beat a virus?” Biotechniques 69 (2020): 327-329.
  42. Z Leng., et al. “Transplantation of ACE2 (-) Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia”. Aging and Disease 11 (2020): 216-228.
  43. Golchin E., et al. “Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for COVID-19: Present or Future”. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 16 (2020): 427-433.
  44. Liang J., et al. “Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: A case report”. Medicine (Baltimore) 99 (2020): e21429.
  45. C-C Wu., et al. “CD146+ mesenchymal stem cells display greater therapeutic potential than CD146- cells for treating collagen-induced arthritis in mice”. The Journal of Stem Cell Research and Therapy 7 (2016): 23.
  46. DM Filho., et al. “Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with the CRISPR-Cas System”. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 15 (2019): 463-473.
  47. CA Freije., et al. “Programmable Inhibition and Detection of RNA Viruses Using Cas13”. Molecular Cell 76 (2019): 826-837.
  48. AL Askou., et al. “Retinal gene therapy: an eye-opener of the 21st century”. Gene Therapy (2020).
  49. J Parry. “Covid-19: Hong Kong scientists report first confirmed case of reinfection”. BMJ 370 (2020): m3340.

Citation

Citation: Ashish Srivastava., et al. “CRISPR/Cas System: A Revolutionary Technique Applied Potentially from Diagnosis to Therapeutics in COVID-19". Acta Scientific Microbiology 5.1 (2022): 53-65.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Ashish Srivastava., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In






News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is November 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US