Mehmet Eraslan*

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Turkey

*Corresponding Author: Mehmet Eraslan, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Turkey.

Received: August 26, 2021; Published: September 15, 2021

Citation: Mehmet Eraslan. “The Role of Pd-L1 on Tumor Cells in Host Immune System Escape and Tumor Immunotherapy by Pd-L1 Blockade; Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy". Acta Scientific Microbiology 4.10 (2021): 45-55.

Abstract

  Immune checkpoints are a group of inhibitory mechanisms that are encoded into the immune system. Mice treated with anti-PD L1 or PD-1-deficient animals showed increased tumorigenesis and invasiveness in syngeneic hosts when compared to parental tumor cells lacking PD-L. The classical type of programmed cell death is distinguished by its morphological hallmarks of apoptosis and its reliance on de novo RNA and protein production. The PD-1 gene was active in both stimulated 2B4.11 and IL-3-depleted LyD9 cells. The findings imply that the genetic landscape of lung malignancies influences anti-PD-1 therapeutic responsiveness. Immune resistance can be overcome by blocking the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1), which is produced by T cells. An antibody that precisely targets PD-1, was considered for anticancer efficacy and safety. There is a link between PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and objective response. In patients with advanced malignancies such as non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal-cell cancer, antibody-mediated PD-L1 inhibition resulted in long-term tumor shrinkage and disease stability.

Keyword: Immunotherapy; PD-1 and PD-L1; Anti-PD-L1; Cancer; Blockade of CTLA-4; Tumor

Bibliography

1. Burnet M. “Cancer-A Biological Approach I. The Processes Of Control”. British Medical Journal 1 (1957): 779-786.
2. Chambers C A., et al. “CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: Mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy”. Annual Review of Immunology 19 (2001): 565-594.
3. Gianchecchi E., et al. “Recent insights into the role of the PD-1/PDL1 pathway in immunological tolerance and autoimmunity”. Autoimmune Review 12 (2013): 1091-1100.
4. Iwai Y., et al. “Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (2002): 12293-12297.
5. Leach D R., et al. “Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA4 blockade”. Science (80-. ). 271 (1996): 1734-1736.
6. Iwai Y., et al. “Cancer immunotherapies targeting the PD-1 signaling pathway”. Journal of Biomedical Science 24 (2017): 1-11.
7. Ciardiello F., et al. Annals of Oncology Advance Access. Annals of Oncology (2016): 1055-1061.
8. Lei Q., et al. “Resistance Mechanisms of Anti-PD1/PDL1 Therapy in Solid Tumors”. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 8 (2020): 672.
9. Pardoll D M. “The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy”. Nature Review on Cancer 12 (2012): 252-264.
10. Dammeijer F., et al. “The PD-1/PD-L1-Checkpoint Restrains T cell Immunity in TumorDraining Lymph Nodes”. Cancer Cell 38 (2020): 685-700.e8.
11. Kuol N., et al. “Apostolopoulos, V. PD-1 / PD-L1 in disease”. 10 (2018): 149-160.
12. Zhou Y., et al. “PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in 132 recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: The correlation with anemia and outcomes”. Oncotarget 8 (2017): 51210-51223.
13. Han Y., et al. “PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer”. American Journal of Cancer Research 10 (2020): 727-742.
14. Wu X., et al. “Application of PD-1 Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy”. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 17 (2019): 661-674.
15. Daskivich T J and Belldegrun A. “Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer”. European Urology 67 (2015): 816-817.
16. Xue Y., et al. “Platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: preclinical and clinical studies and mechanism of action”. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 18 (2021): 187-203.
17. Fransen M F., et al. “Tumor-draining lymph nodes are pivotal in PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint therapy”. JCI Insight 3 (2018): 1-6.
18. Brahmer J R., et al. “Safety and Activity of Anti-PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer”. The New England Journal of Medicine 366 (2012): 2455-2465.
19. Rizvi N A., et al. HHS Public Access 348 (2016): 124-128.
20. Massard C., et al. “Safety and efficacy of durvalumab (MEDI4736), an anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with advanced urothelial bladder cancer”. Journal of Clinical Oncology 34 (2016): 3119-3125.
21. Ishida Y., et al. “Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death”. EMBO Journal 11 (1992): 3887-3895.
22. Xiao Q., et al. “Biological drug and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy”. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 11 (2021): 941-960.
23. Chen X., et al. “Epigenetic strategies synergize with PD-L1/PD-1 targeted cancer immunotherapies to enhance antitumor responses”. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 10 (2020): 723-733.
24. Chen R., et al. “Phase II study of the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab for relapsed/refractory classic Hodgkin Lymphoma”. Journal of Clinical Oncology 35 (2017): 2125-2132.
25. Ruf M., et al. “PD-L1 expression is regulated by hypoxia inducible factor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma”. International Journal of Cancer 139 (2016): 396-403.
26. Shao J W., et al. “In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity evaluation of ursolic acid derivatives”. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 46 (2011): 2652-2661.

Copyright: © 2021 Mehmet Eraslan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.