Acta Scientific Microbiology (ASMI) (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 3 Issue 12

Spotlight of Twenty First Century Betacoronaviruses

T Pratheep* and G Venkat Kumar

Department of Biotechnology, PRIST Deemed to University, India

*Corresponding Author: T Pratheep, Department of Biotechnology, PRIST Deemed to University, India.

Received: October 23, 2020; Published: November 27, 2020

×

Abstract

  Coronavirus (CoV) have previously been considered as relatively non-virulent respiratory pathogens to human. Beginning of the 21st century, three CoV’s have crossed the species barrier to cause high pathogenic and mortality rates in human populations. However, two epidemic of severe respiratory tract infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) deadly diseases in human. Another one, named SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing outbreak of atypical pneumonia and pandemic to global population. This brought CoV alert and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at worldwide. In this review, we focus on present understanding of the epidemiology, pathology, transmission, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

×

References

  1. Woo PC., et al. “Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of three avian coronaviruses reveals a novel group 3c coronavirus”. Journal of virology 2 (2009): 908-917.
  2. Gorse GJ., et al. “Human coronavirus and acute respiratory illness in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Journal of Infectious Disease6 (2009): 847-857.
  3. Chen YC., et al. “Certainties and uncertainties facing emerging respiratory infectious diseases: lessons from SARS”. Journal of Formos Medical Association6 (2008): 432-442.
  4. Zaki AM., et al. “Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia”. New England Journal of Medicine19 (2012): 1814-1820.
  5. Haagmans BL., et al. “Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation”. The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 (2014): 140-145.
  6. Wang C., et al. “A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern”. Lancet10223 (2020): 470-473.
  7. Zhu N., et al. “A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019”. New England Journal of Medicine8 (2020): 727-733.
  8. Lu G., et al. “Bat-to-human: spike features determining ‘host jump’ of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and beyond”. Trends in Microbiology8 (2015): 468-478.
  9. Dimiter S D. “The Secret Life of ACE2 as a Receptor for the SARS Virus”. Cell6 (2003): 652-653.
  10. Jiang S., et al. “SARS vaccine development”. Emerging Infection Disease Journal7 ( 2005): 1016-1020.
  11. Mackay I M and Arden K E. “MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission”. Virology Journal 12 (2015): 222.
  12. Assiri A., et al. “Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus”. New England Journal of Medicine5 (2013): 407-416.
  13. MERS situation update (2019).
  14. Mousavizadeh L and Ghasemi S. “Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis”. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology Infection S1684-1182.20 (2020): 30082-30087.
  15. SARS-CoV-2 situation update (2020).
  16. Woo PCY., et al. “Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis”. Viruses8 (2010): 1804-1820.
  17. Liu DX., et al. “Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses”. Antiviral Research 109 (2014): 97-109.
  18. Bakkers MJG., et al. “Betacoronavirus Adaptation to Humans Involved Progressive Loss of 692 Hemagglutinin-Esterase Lectin Activity”. Cell Host Microbe3 (2017), 356-366.
  19. Hoffmann M., et al. “SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor”. Cell2 (2020): 271-280.
  20. Chen Y., et al. “Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis”. Journal of Medical Virology4 (2020): 418-423.
  21. Liu L., et al. “Epithelial Cells Lining Salivary Gland Ducts Are Early Target Cells of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tracts of Rhesus Macaques”. Journal of Virology8 (2011): 4025-4030.
  22. McIntosh K and Peiris JSM. “Coronaviruses”. In. Douglas D. Richman, Richard J. Whitley, Frederick G. Hayden (eds.). Clinical Virology. 3rd Ed, American Society of Microbiology (2009): 1155-1171.
  23. Meyerholz DK., et al. “Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Distribution in the Human Respiratory Tract: Implications for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome”. American Journal of Pathology1 (2016): 78-86.
  24. Durai P., et al. “Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus: transmission, virology and therapeutic targeting to aid in outbreak control”. Experimental and Molecular Medicine 47 (2015): 181.
  25. Bosch BJ., et al. “The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex”. Journal of Virology16 (2003): 8801-8811.
  26. Kirchdoerfer RN., et al. “Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein”. Nature7592 (2016): 118-121.
  27. Belouzard S., et al. “Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America14 (2009): 5871-5876.
  28. Fang Li. “Receptor Recognition Mechanisms of Coronaviruses: a Decade of Structural Studies”. Journal of Virology4 (2015): 1954-1964.
  29. Zheng B J., et al. “Synthetic peptides outside the spike protein heptad repeat regions as potent inhibitors of SARS-associated coronavirus”. Antiviral Therapy3 (2005): 393-403.
  30. Chan KS., et al. “Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study”. Hong Kong Medical Journal6 (2003): 399‐406.
  31. Chu CM., et al. “Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings”. Thorax3 (2004): 252-256.
  32. Kim UJ., et al. “Combination therapy with 1lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon‐alpha for Middle East respiratory syndrome”. Antiviral Therapy5 (2016): 455‐459.
  33. Chong YP., et al. “Antiviral treatment guidelines for Middle East respiratory syndrome”. Infection Chemotherapy3 (2015): 212‐222.
  34. Totura AL and Bavari S. “Broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery”. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery4 (2019): 397‐412.
  35. Arabi YM., et al. “Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon‐beta1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan for a recursive two‐stage group sequential randomized controlled trial”. Trials1 (2020): 8.
  36. Dyall J., et al. “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies”. Drugs18 (2017): 1935‐1966.
  37. Cao B., et al. “A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19”. New England Journal of Medicine19 (2020): 1787-1799.
  38. Gautret P., et al. “Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open label non-randomized clinical trial”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agent 20 (2020): 105949.
  39. Molina J., et al. “No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection”. Médecine et Maladies S0399-077X.20 (2020): 30085-30088.
  40. Grein J., et al. “Compassionate use of Remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19”. New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 2327-2336.
  41. Lin JT., et al. “Safety and immunogenicity from a phase I trial of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine”. Antiviral Therapy 7 (2007): 1107-1113.
  42. Martin JE., et al. “A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial”. Vaccine50 (2008): 6338-433.
  43. NIH-ClinicalTrials.gov, Phase I Dose Escalation SARS-CoV Recombinant S Protein, With and Without Adjuvant, Vaccine Study (2013).
  44. Orellana C. “Phase I SARS vaccine trial in China”. Lancet Infectious Disease7 (2004): 388.
  45. Padron-Regalado E. “Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other Coronavirus Strains”. Infection Disease Therapy (2020): 1‐20.
  46. Wu F., et al. “A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China”. Nature 579 (2020): 265-269.
  47. Gralinski LE and Menachery VD. “Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV”. Viruses 12 (2020): 135.
  48. Shang W., et al. “The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia calls for viral vaccines”. NPJ Vaccines 5 (2020): 18.
  49. Song Z., et al. “From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight”. Viruses 1 (2019): E59
  50. How do SARS and MERS compare with COVID-19? (2020).
  51. Neuman BW., et al. “Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy”. Journal of Virology16 (2006): 7918-7928.
×

Citation

Citation: T Pratheep and G Venkat Kumar. “Spotlight of Twenty First Century Betacoronaviruses". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.12 (2020): 109-115.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In






News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US