Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a painless non-invasive brain stimulation technique used in cortical function in healthy individuals, inter alia and the pathophysiology of movement disorders [1]. It has been using for the treatment of a large variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases. In this study, we describe the mechanism of TMS techniques and discuss the clinical uses of TMS as a potential diagnostic tool in movement disorders. We also illustrate the basic rationale on which the therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation is based in a patients with movement disorders.

Keywords: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS); Coil; Pulses

References

1. Cantello R., et al. “Transcranial magnetic stimulation and Parkinson’s disease”. Brain Research Review 38 (2002): 309-327.
2. Ziemann U., et al. “Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex”. Journal of Neuroscience 18 (1998): 7000-7007.
3. Lefaucheur JP. “Motor cortex dysfunction revealed by cortical excitability studies in Parkinson’s disease: influence of antiparkinsonian treatment and cortical stimulation”. Clinical Neurophysiology 116 (2005): 244-253.
4. Wolters A., et al. “Measurements of transcallosally mediated cortical inhibition for differentiating parkinsonian syndromes”. Movement Disorders 19 (2004): 518-528.
5. Cantello R. “Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in movement disorders”. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 19 (2002): 272-293.
6. Edwards MJ., et al. “Different patterns of electrophysiological deficits in manifesting and non-manifesting carriers of the DYT1 gene mutation”. Brain 126 (2003): 2074-2080.
7. Rossi S., et al. “A real electro-magnetic placebo (REMP) device for sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)”. Clinical Neurophysiology 118 (2007): 709-716.
8. Chen R., et al. “The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee”. Clinical Neurophysiology 119 (2008): 504-532.
9. Kuhn AA., et al. “Comparison of motor effects following subcortical electrical stimulation through electrodes in the globus pallidus internus and cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation”. Experimental Brain Research 155 (2004): 48-55.
10. Wassermann EM. “Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996”. Clinical Neurophysiology 108 (1998): 1-16.
11. Magistris MR., et al. “Transcranial stimulation excites virtually all motor neurons supplying the target muscle. A demonstration and a method improving the study of motor evoked potentials”. Brain 121 (1998): 437-450.
12. Osaki Y., et al. “Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy”. Movement Disorders 19 (2004): 181-189.
13. Baumer T., et al. “Repeated premotor rTMS leads to cumulative plastic changes of motor cortex excitability in humans”. Neuroimage 20 (2003): 550-560.
14. Cooke SF and Bliss TV. “Plasticity in the human central nervous system”. Brain 129 (2006): 1659-1673.
15. Huang YZ., et al. “Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex”. Neuron 45 (2005): 201-206.
16. Huang YZ., et al. “The after-effect of human theta burst stimulation is NMDA receptor dependent”. Clinical Neurophysiology 118 (2007): 1028-1032.
17. Siebner HR., et al. “Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex”. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004): 3379-3385.
18. Huang YZ., et al. “Effect of physiological activity on an NMDA-dependent form of cortical plasticity in human”. Cerebral Cortex 18 (2008): 563-570.
19. Tisch S., et al. “Pallidal stimulation modifies after-effects of paired associative stimulation on motor cortex excitability in primary generalised dystonia”. Neurology 206 (2007): 80-85.
20. Kuhn AA., et al. “Patterns of abnormal motor cortex excitability in atypical parkinsonian syndromes”. Clinical Neurophysiology 115 (2004): 1786-1795.
21. Eusebio A., et al. “Assessment of cortico-spinal tract impairment in multiple system atrophy using transcranial magnetic stimulation”. Clinical Neurophysiology 118 (2007): 815-823.
22. Osaki Y., et al. “Do published criteria improve clinical diagnostic accuracy in multiple system atrophy?” Neurology 59 (2002): 1486-1491.
23. De RA., et al. “Neurophysiological evidence of corticospinal tract abnormality in patients with parkin mutations”. Journal of Neurology 253 (2006): 275-79.
24. Schneider SA., et al. “Motor cortical physiology in patients and asymptomatic carriers of parkin gene mutations”. Movement Disorders.
25. Brown P and Thompson PD. “Electrophysiological aids to the diagnosis of psychogenic jerks, spasms, and tremor”. Movement Disorders (2001).
26. Schrag A., et al. “The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients”. Brain 127 (2004): 2360-2372.
27. Espay AJ., et al. “Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia”. Annuals of Neurology 59 (2006): 825-834.
28. Wassermann EM., et al. “Motor cortex excitability correlates with an anxiety-related personality trait”. Biological Psychiatry 50 (2001): 377-382.
29. Edwards MJ., et al. “Abnormalities in motor cortical plasticity differentiate manifesting and nonmanifesting DYT1 carriers”. Movement Disorders 21 (2006): 2181-2186.
30. Picconi B., et al. “Loss of bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia”. Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 501-506.
31. Gilbert DL., et al. “Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management”. Lancet Neurology 5 (2006): 235-245.
32. Fregni F and Pascual-Leone A. “Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression in neurologic disorders”. Current Psychiatry Report 7 (2007): 381-390.
33. Jahanshahi M., et al. “Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements”.
34. Fukuda M., et al. “Functional brain networks in Parkinson’s disease”. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 8 (2001): 91-94.
35. Strafella AP., et al. “Striatal dopamine release induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex”. Brain 126 (2003): 2609-15.
36. Strafella AP., et al. “Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus”. Journal of Neuroscience (2001).
37. Kim JY., et al. “Therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: analysis of [(11)C] raclopride PET study”. Movement Disorders 23 (2008): 207-211.
38. Strafella AP., et al. “Corticostriatal functional interactions in Parkinson’s disease: a rTMS/[11C]raclopride PET study”. European Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2005): 2946-2952.
39. Strafella AP., et al. “Therapeutic application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: the contribution of expectation”. Neuroimage 31 (2006): 1666-1672.
40. Goetz CG., et al. “Placebo response in Parkinson’s disease: Comparisons among 11 trials covering medical and surgical interventions”. Movement Disorders 23 (2008): 690-699.
41. Koch G., et al. “rTMS of supplementary motor area modulates therapy-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson disease”. Neurology 65 (2005): 623-625.
42. Brusa L., et al. “Low frequency rTMS of the SMA transiently ameliorates peak-dose LID in Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (2006): 1917-1921.
43. Rektorova I., et al. “Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a possible target for modulating dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation”. International Journal of Biomedical Imaging (2008): 372125.
44. Ghabra MB., et al. “Simultaneous repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not speed fine movement in PD”. Neurology 52 (1999): 768-770.
45. Pascual-Leone A., et al. “Akinesia in Parkinson’s disease. II. Effects of subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation”. Neurology 44 (1994): 892-898.
46. Pascual-Leone A., et al. “Akinesia in Parkinson’s disease. I. Shortening of simple reaction time with focal, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation”. Neurology 44 (1994): 884-891.
47. Lefaucheur JP., et al. “Improvement of motor performance and modulation of cortical excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease”. Clinical Neurophysiology (2004).
48. Boylan LS., et al. “Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to SMA worsens complex movements in Parkinson’s disease”. Clinical Neurophysiology 112 (2001): 259-264.
49. Siebner HR., et al. “Short-term motor improvement after sub-threshold 5-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor hand area in Parkinson’s disease”. Journal of Neurology Science 178 (2000): 91-94.

Citation

Citation: Opeyemi Oluwasanmi Adeloye., et al. “Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients with Movement Disorders: A Review of Observational Study". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.8 (2020): 122-131.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Opeyemi Oluwasanmi Adeloye., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.