Abstract

  At the very onset it is very essential to understand the chronology of pandemics of different viral respiratory diseases in humans and their most probable origins its impact on different aspects of economy. If one examines the history of certain recent respiratory viral diseases on humans, then one needs to recollect some of the pandemics of influenza diseases. It was first discovered that in 1918 the Spanish flu caused by H1N1 virus was sweeping the world [1]. Around the same time a swine flu virus (H1N2) was seen to be infecting human beings in US [2]. Later on in 1957 the Asian flu caused by H2N2 virus was taking its toll [3]. In 1968 the Hongkong flu caused by H3N2 was killing many people especially in China [4]. In 1998 a variant of H1N1 virus was found in United States among the Pigs reared for meat [5]. Soon this spread to humans but this time it was not the Spanish flu but the Swine flu [5]. There was noted antigenic shift in this virus from the ones that caused Spanish flu. The authorities in US then started slaughtering pigs after compensating the farmers who had to bear the brunt of the outbreaks. Of course it did contain the epidemic then. Time went by till 1996 when the bird flu virus appeared among the goose population in China caused by H5N1 virus [6] and soon the first human infection was observed in 1997 in Hongkong. The HPAI strain was causing widespread outbreak in the poultry in Hongkong. There was widespread killing of chicken and other poultry birds there which helped to contain the outbreak by 2009 [6]. The H5N1 strain infecting the humans was an antigenic variant of the bird strain HPAI due to antigenic drift. The outbreak was traced in the migratory birds and was also found in other parts of world like Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East [6].

Keywords: Coronavirus; H1N1 Virus; Swine Flu Virus (H1N2)

References

1. Barbara J., et al. “Readiness for Responding to a Severe Pandemic 100 Years After”. American Journal of Epidemiology 12 (2018): 2596-2602.
2. Naomi K., et al. “A Historical Perspective of Influenza A(H1N2) Virus”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1 (2014): 6-12.
3. Langmuir AD. “Epidemiology of Asian influenza, international conference on Asian influenza”. American Review of Respiratory Disease 2 (1961): 2-14.
4. Coleman M., et al. “The Hong Kong/68 Influenza A2 Variant”. The Lancet7583 (1968): 1384-1386.
5. Gibbs AJ., et al. “From where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza A virus (H1N1) emerge?” Virology Journal 6 (2009): 207.
6. A/H5, The Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza. “Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans”. New England Journal of Medicine 13 (2005): 1374-1385.
7. Smith RD. “Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management”. Social Science and Medicine12 (2006): 3113-3123.
8. Perlman S and Dandekar AA. “Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: Implications for SARS”. Nature Reviews Immunology12 (2005): 917-927.
9. Sarah H., et al. “Historical Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Virus A(H7N9) among Wild Birds”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (2013): 2031-2033.
10. Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM., et al. “African Swine Fever: An Epidemiological Update”. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 1 (2012): 27-35.
11. Imbi N., et al. “Epidemiological analysis of the 2015-2017 African swine fever outbreaks in Estonia”. Preventive Veterinary Medicine (2018).
12. Catherine B., et al. “Ebola: Lessons from the latest pandemic”. Clinicians Reviews9 (2015): 34-40.
13. Scripps Research Institute. “COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin”. Science Daily (2020).
14. Kevin Chen. “If coronavirus disrupts staple crop production, the impact on food security could be grave”. The Telegraph (2020).
15. AMIS-Market Monitor No. 76. Published by FAO, IFAD, IFPRI, World Bank groups, WTO, UNCTAD, World Food Programme, OECD (2020).
16. Alexix CM. “Coronavirus is a data time bomb- Coronavirus effects of global markets will be delayed”. The Atlantic (2020).
17. Margy E. “CoVID-19 and global agriculture-5” (2020).
18. Srivastava A. “Startups Government to lockdown cities to flatten coronavirus curve”. Economic Times (2020).

Citation

Citation: Jai S Ghosh. “When Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hits Agriculture Grounds-A Short Review". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.5 (2020): 28-30.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Jai S Ghosh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.