Abstract

  Many coronaviruses (CoVs) causing a variety of pathological disease in animals and maintained their cycle in nature and causing zoonotic infections, allowing them for genetic recombination, resulting in novel viruses. Seven CoVs have been isolated from the infected humans; causing mild to severe disease in humans, newly emerged from a zoonotic source that are 229E, OC43, HKU1, NL63, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-(SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Novel CoV in 2019 (nCoV-19). SARS-CoVs have been isolated during 2002 - 2003 outbreak in China. MERS-CoV was responsible of an outbreak in Middle East during 2012-2015 resulted by the genetic recombination in camels and transmitted to humans. nCoV-19 is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory disease which was first reported from china in December 2019 and their genome is significantly different from SARS-CoV to be considered a new human-infecting β-CoV which might be using their spike protein to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2R) expressed on alveolar epithelial type II cells using it for their replication. ACE2R is also found in many extrapulmonary tissues like kidney, heart, endothelium, and luminal surface of intestinal epithelial cells which enforced to focused for fecal-oral transmission and containment of viral spread and multi-organ dysfunction in patients. ACE2R regulates both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions and also suggesting that bats might be the original host of nCoV-19. CoVs transmitting predominantly during the winter season in temperate-climate countries. CoVs can be diagnosed by serological tests, cultured by cell culture techniques and Nucleic acid amplification tests, and gene sequencing for the confirmatory tests. Currently, there is no vaccination to prevent the patients by nCoV-19. Only prevention is the best way to avoid being exposed to this virus. Favilavir, Chloroquine and Remdesivir drugs are under trials. nCoV-19 might be neutralized by providing high dose of soluble form of ACE2 and might recover cellular ACE2 activity by negative feed back system of renin angiotensin and protect the lung injury. Protein S1 domain of Spike-subunit based vaccine produced by Cell lines method, Inhibitor of transmembrane protease serine 2 to inhibit entry and viral spread can be try to curb this virus.

Keywords: Novel Coronaviruses 2019; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

References

1. Shuo Su., et al. “Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses”. Trends in Microbiology6 (2016): 490-502.
2. Weiss SR and Leibowitz JL. “Coronavirus pathogenesis”. Advances in Virus Research 81 (2011): 85-164.
3. Masters PS and Perlman S. “Coronaviridae”. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields virology. 6^th Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2013): 825-858.
4. Su S., et al. “Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses”. Trends in Microbiology 24 (2016): 490-502.
5. Cui J., et al. “Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses”. Nature Reviews Microbiology 17 (2019): 181-192.
6. Zhong NS., et al. “Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China”. Lancet 362 (2003): 1353-1358.
7. Ksiazek TG., et al. “A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome”. The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 1953-1966.
8. Drosten C., et al. “Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome”. The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 1967-1976.
9. Carter John., et al. “Virology: principles and applications”. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England (2007): 305-306.
10. Langereis MA., et al. “Attachment of mouse hepatitis virus to O acetylated sialic acid is mediated by hemagglutinin-esterase and not by the spike protein”. Journal of Virology 84 (2010): 8970-8974.
11. Weiss SR and Navas-Martin S. “Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus”. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69 (2005): 635-664.
12. Silva MT. “Neutrophils and macrophages work in concert as inducers and effectors of adaptive immunity against extracellular and intracellular microbial pathogens”. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 87 (2010): 805-813.
13. Khan Salman., et al. “Evolution of ECG abnormalities in immune dysfunction exacerbation patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Acta Scientific Microbiology 4 (2020): 675-683
14. Na Zhu., et al. “A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019”. The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 727-733.
15. NJ Dimmock and AJ Easton. “Introduction to Modern Virology”. Blackwell publishing Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 6^th edition (2007): 160-162.
16. Pyrc K., et al. “Mosaic structure of human coronavirus NL63, one thousand years of evolution”. Journal of Molecular Biology 364 (2006): 964-973.
17. Zhao Z., et al. “Moderate mutation rate in the SARS coronavirus genome and its implications”. BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 (2004): 21.
18. Stanhope MJ., et al. “Evidence from the evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences for a recombinant history of SARSCoV”. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 4 (2004): 15-19.
19. Zhang XW., et al. “Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the SARS-associated coronavirus”. Archives of Virology 150 (2005): 1-20.
20. Li F. “Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins”. Annual Review of Virology 3 (2016): 237-261.
21. Lu G., et al. “Bat-to-human: spike features determining ‘host jump’ of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and beyond”. Trends in Microbiology 23 (2015): 468-478.
22. Wang Q., et al. “ MERS-CoV spike protein: targets for vaccines and therapeutics”. Antiviral Research 133 (2016): 165-177.
23. Zhao Y., et al. “Single-cell RNA expression profling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan COVID-19”. (2020).
24. Crackower MA., et al. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function”. Nature6891 (2002): 822-828.
25. Danilczyk U., et al. “Essential role for collectrin in renal amino acid transport”. Nature 7122 (2006): 1088-1091.
26. Gu J., et al. “Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS”. Journal of Experimental Medicine 3 (2005): 415-424.
27. Ding Y., et al. “Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways”. The Journal of Pathology 203 (2004): 622-630.
28. He Y., et al. “Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 324 (2004): 773-781.
29. XU Kaijin., et al. “Management of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) : the Zhejiang Experience”. Journal of Zhejiang University (2020).
30. Yong Zhang., et al. “Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19)” 2.8 (2020).
31. Shi X., et al. “Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus is detected in intestinal tissues of fatal cases”. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 1 (2005): 169-176.
32. Ding Y., et al. “Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways”. The Journal of Pathology 2 (2004): 622-630.
33. Sameera Al Johani and Ali H Hajeer. “MERS-CoV Diagnosis: An Update”. The Journal of Infection and Public Health 3 (2016): 216-219.
34. Leonie-Sophie Hecht and Angeles Jurado-Jimenez. “Verification and Diagnostic Evaluation of the RealStar^® Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (N Gene) Reverse transcription-PCR Kit 1.0”. Future Microbiology 14 (2019): 941-948.
35. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Surveillance and case definitions (2020).
36. Bai Shaoli., et al. “Analysis of the first family epidemic situation of new coronavirus pneumonia in Gansu Province”. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine (2020): 54.
37. Shu-Yuan Xiao., et al. “Evolving status of the 2019 novel coronavirus infections: proposal of conventional serologic assays for disease diagnostics and infection monitoring”. Journal of Medical Virology (2020): 1-4.
38. Jonsdottir HR and Dijkman R. “Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies”. Virology Journal 13 (2016): 24.
39. Zhao Z., et al. “Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China”. Journal of Medical Microbiology 52 (2003): 715-720.
40. “Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness” (2016).
41. Shi Z and Hu Z. “A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus”. Virus Research 133 (2008): 74-87.
42. Peiris JS., et al. “SARS study group. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome”. Lancet 9366 (2003): 1319-1325.
43. David S C Hui and Alimuddin Zumla. “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Historical, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Features”. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 33 (2019): 869-889.
44. Zaki AM., et al. “Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia”. The New England Journal of Medicine 367 (2012): 1814-1820.
45. Al-Abdallat MM., et al. “Hospital-associated outbreak of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 9 (2014): 1225-1233.
46. Sabir JS., et al. “Co-circulation of three camel coronavirus species and recombination of MERS-CoVs in Saudi Arabia”. Science 351 (2016): 81-84.
47. Wang Y., et al. “Origin and possible genetic recombination of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from the first imported case in China: phylogenetics and coalescence analysis”. Mbio 6 (2015): e01280-01215.
48. MERS situation (2019).
49. Reusken CB., et al. “Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study”. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 10 (2013) : 859-866.
50. Reusken CB., et al. “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013”. European Surveillance 50 (2013): 20662.
51. Carlos Del Rio and Preeti N Malani. “Novel Coronavirus-Important Information for Clinicians”. Journal of the American Medical Association (2020).
52. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 48” (2020).
53. Chen N., et al. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study”. Lancet 10223 (2020): 507-513.
54. Huang C., et al. “Clinical feature of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”. Lancet 10223 (2020): 497-506.
55. Qifang Bi and Yongsheng Wu. “Epidemiology and Transmission of COVID-19 in Shenzhen China: Analysis of 391 cases and 1,286 of their close contacts”. Med Rxiv (2020).
56. Hussin A Rothan and Siddappa N Byrareddy. “The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak”. Journal of Autoimmunity (2020).
57. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html
58. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/china-favilavir-testing-approval/

Citation

Citation: Khan Salman., et al. “Novel Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19)- A genetically mutant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome β-Coronavirus".Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.4 (2020): 225-232.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Khan Salman., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.