Abstract

 Heavy metals are one of the major ecological problems for all living beings, accumulating more and more in surroundings such as soil, water and air. It also causes severe harm to plants, primarily causing deteriorations in growth and development, and in advanced cases, the death of the plant. One of these heavy metals is lead. It is an element that reaches soils mostly through the automobile industry and through the use of leaded pesticides and it is not essential to plants, but rather negatively affects growth and development. The purification of soils contaminated by heavy metals is not possible especially in the short term. Because of these reasons, it is extremely difficult to remove the heavy metal contamination in the soil. Some rhizobacteria living freely in the soil affect plant development due to their functions such as making phytohormone and vitamin synthesis, inhibiting ethylene synthesis, enhancing stress resistance, facilitating nutrient intake and phosphate resolving. Some rhizobacteria were detected to be able to reduce heavy metals to less toxic forms. With this research, it was aimed to determine the effects of PGPR applications on lead (Pb(NO₃)₂) stress in Alphonse Lavallee grapevine variety grafted on 1103 Paulsen grapevine rootstock. For this purpose, lead (10 and 25 ppm Pb(NO₃)₂) was added to both environments with PGPR inoculated and uninoculated plants, some physical (shoot length, shoot weight and average number of leaves per shoot) and biochemical analyses (chlorophyll content, degree of membrane damage, proline, total phenolic content, lipid peroxidation and mineral content) were made. As a result of the research, PGPR applications were found to be extremely effective in preventing heavy metal stress caused by lead or in mitigating the stress severity.

Keywords: Grapevine; PGPR; Heavy Metal; Chlorophyll; Phenolic Content; Mineral Matter

References

1. Ozbolat G and Tuli A. “Effects of heavy metal toxicity on human health”. Archives Medical Review Journal 25 (2016): 502-521.
2. Yücel E., et al. “Myriophyllum spicatum (Spiked water-milfoil) as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Porsuk Stream/Turkey”. Biological Diversity and Conservation 3 (2010): 133-144.
3. Nedelkoska TV and Doran PM. “Characteristics of heavy metal uptake by plants species with potential for phytoremediation and phytomining”. Minerals Engineering 13 (2000): 549-561.
4. Steffens JD. “The Heavy Metal-Binding Peptides of Plants”. Annual Review Plant Physiology Molecular Biology 41 (1990): 533-575.
5. Sharma P and Dubey S. “Lead toxicity in plants”. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17 (2005): 35-52.
6. Ghani A., et al. “Effect of lead toxicity on growth, chlorophyll and lead (Pb) content of two varieties of maize (Zea mays L.)”. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9 (2010): 887-891.
7. Poschenrieder CH., et al. “Influence of cadmium on water relations, stomatal resistance and abscisic acid content in expanding bean leaves”. Plant Physiology 90 (1989): 1365-1371.
8. Janmohammadi M., et al. “Impact of pre-sowing seed treatments and fertilizers on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under rainfed conditions”. Natura Montenegrina, Podgorica 12 (2013): 217-229.
9. Kıran S., et al. “Effect of lead of Some Morphological and Biochemical Properties in Crisp Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa crispa)”. Iğdır University Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 5 (2015): 83-88.
10. Munzuroglu O and Geckil H. “Effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus”. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43 (2002): 203-213.
11. Lovely DR. “Dissimilatory Metal Reduction”. Annual Reviews of Microbiology 47 (1993): 263-290.
12. Reed MLE., et al. “Plant growth-promoting bacteria facilitate the growth of the common reed Phargmites australis in the presence of copper or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons”. Current Microbiology 51 (2005): 425-429.
13. Farwell AJ., et al. “The use of transgenic canola (Brassica napus) and plant growth-promoting bacteria to enhance plant biomass at a nickel-contaminated field site”. Plant and Soil 288 (2006): 309-318.
14. Safronova VI., et al. “Root-associated bacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase improve growth and nutrient uptake by pea genotypes cultivated in cadmium supplemented soil”. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42 (2006): 267-272.
15. Fan S., et al. “Abscisic acid induced electrolyte leakage in woody species with contrasting ecological requirements”. Physiologia Plantarum 90 (1994): 414-419.
16. Bates L., et al. “Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies”. Plant and Soil 39 (1973): 205-207.
17. Kiselev KV., et al. “The rol-B gene-induced over production of resveratrol in Vitis amurensis transformed cells”. Journal of Biotechnology 128 (2007): 681-692.
18. Singleton VL and Rossi JR. “Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid”. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 16 (1965): 144-158.
19. Zhang Y., et al. “PAR-1 kinase phosphorylates Dlg and regulates its postsynaptic targeting at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction”. Neuron 53 (2007): 201-215.
20. Zengin FK and Munzuroğlu Ö. “Effect of lead (Pb⁺²) and copper (Cu⁺²) on the growth of root, shoot and leaf of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings”. Gazi University Journal of Science 17 (2004): 1-10.
21. Yolcu H., et al. “Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on some morphologic characteristics, yield and quality contents of hungarian vetch”. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 17 (2012): 208-214.
22. Hassan W., et al. “Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria in promotion of maize (Zea mays) growth under lead pollution”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21 (2014): 10983-10996.
23. Ogar A. “Effect of combined microbes on plant tolerance to Zn–Pb contaminations”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 22 (2015): 19142-19156.
24. Cetin M. “Changes in the Amount of Chlorophyll in Some Plants of Landscape Studies”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 16 (2016): 239-245.
25. Karamooz H., et al. “Tolerance and Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Descurainia sophia L”. Journal of Chemical Health Risks 7 (2016): 69-78.
26. Wang Q., et al. “Effect of applying an arsenic-resistant and plant growth–promoting rhizobacterium to enhance soil arsenic phytoremediation by Populus deltoides LH05-17”. Journal of Applied Microbiology 111 (2011): 1065-1074.
27. Gratão PL., et al. “Cadmium stress antioxidant responses and root-to-shoot communication in grafted tomato plants”. Biometals 5 (2015): 803-816.
28. Kolupaev YE., et al. “Constitutive and cold-induced resistance of rye and wheat seedlings to oxidative stress”. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 63 (2016): 326-337.
29. Vardharajula S., et al. “Drought-tolerant plant growth promoting Bacillus , effect on growth, osmolytes, and antioxidant status of maize under drought stress”. International Journal of Plant Production 6 (2011): 1-14.
30. Tewari RK. “Antioxidant responses to enhanced generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide in the copper-stressed mulberry plants”. Planta 223 (2006): 1145-1153.
31. Quan LJ., et al. “Hydrogen peroxide in plants: A versatile molecule of the reactive oxygen species network”. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50 (2008): 2-18.
32. Rodriguez-Serrano M., et al. “Cellular response of pea plants to cadmium toxicity: Cross talk between reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and calcium”. Plant Physiology 150 (2009): 229-243.
33. Singh UP., et al. “Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria-mediated induction of phenolics in pea (Pisum sativum) after infection with Erysiphe pisi”. Current Microbiology 44 (2002): 396-400.
34. Pazoki A. “Evaluation of flavonoids and phenols content of wheat under different lead, PGPR and Mycorrhiza levels”. Biological Forum - An International Journal 7 (2015): 309-315.
35. Pešaković M., et al. “Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of integrated and conventionally grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)”. Open Access CAAS Agricultural Journal 43(2016): 17-24.
36. Dey SK., et al. “Changes in the antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in wheat seedlings exposed to cadmium and lead stress”. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology1 (2007): 53-60.
37. Zhou DX., et al. “Effects of waterlogging stress on physiological and biochemical index in Alternant phiiloxeroides Hubei”. Agricultural Sciences 48 (2009): 585-587.
38. Verma S and Dubey RS. “Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants”. Plant Science 164 (2003): 645-655.
39. Haneef I., et al. “Impact of bio-fertilizers and different levels of cadmium on the growth, biochemical contents and lipid peroxidation of Plantago ovata Forsk”. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 21 (2014): 305-310.
40. Sabır A., et al. “Growth and mineral acquisition response of grapevine rootstocks (Vitis) to inoculation with different strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 15 (2012): 2148-2153.

Citation

Citation: Emine Sema Çetin and Selda Daler. “PGPR İmproves the Tolerance on Vitis vinifera cv. Alphonse Lavalle Grown Under Lead Stress". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.4 (2020): 202-208.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Emine Sema Çetin and Selda Daler. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.