Acta Scientific Dental Sciences

Mini Review Volume 10 Issue 5

The Relationship Between Hypertension and Periodontitis: A Minireview

Lana Ashraf1*, Hala Abuel-Ela2, Olfat Shaker3 and Hadeel Gamal4

1Master of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Ainshams University, Egypt
2Professor of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Ainshams Univer- sity, Egypt
3Professor of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
4Associate Professor of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Ainshams University, Egypt

*Corresponding Author: Lana Ashraf, Master of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Ainshams University, Egypt.

Received: April 02, 2026; Published: April 15, 2026

The Perio medicine relationship between Hypertension and periodontitis have been widely addressed in many studies. Hypertension and periodontitis belong to a group of illnesses called non-communicable diseases (NCDs); they are rising in prevalence due to an increasingly aging population. NCDs comprise 71% of global deaths. The host microbial interaction, oxidative stress, the levels of nitrous oxide, endothelial dysfunction and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are possible links. Periodontitis patients often manifest higher arterial blood pressure and higher prevalence rates of hypertension. After performing non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) hypertension patients showed lower levels of blood pressure. The purpose of this minireview is to highlight recent studies that show strong associations between both diseases and demonstrate novel approaches in diagnosing, predicting and preventing the occurrence of both chronic inflammatory conditions thus reducing the global burden and improving lifestyle.

Keywords: Hypertension; Periodontitis; NSPT

 

References

  1. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. United Nations (2022).
  2. Mills Katherine T., et al. “Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies from 90 Countries”. Circulation6 (2016): 441-450.
  3. Kassebaum Nicholas J., et al. “Global Burden of Severe Periodontitis in 1990-2010: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression”. The Lancet9879 (2013): 1495-1504.
  4. Könönen Eija., et al. “Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues”. Journal of Clinical Medicine8 (2019): 1135.
  5. Nazir Muhammad Ashraf. “Prevalence of Periodontal Disease, Its Association with Systemic Diseases and Prevention”. International Journal of Health Sciences2 (2017): 72-80.
  6. Whelton Paul K., et al. “2017 Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology19 (2018): e127-e248.
  7. Muñoz Aguilera Eduardo, et al. “Periodontitis Is Associated with Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Cardiovascular Research1 (2020): 28-39.
  8. Muñoz Aguilera Eduardo, et al. “Association Between Periodontitis and Blood Pressure Highlighted in Systemically Healthy Individuals”. Hypertension5 (2021): 1765-1774.
  9. Desvarieux Moïse., et al. “Periodontal Bacteria and Hypertension: The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST)”. Journal of Hypertension7 (2010): 1413-1421.
  10. Lazar V., et al. “Impact of Dental Plaque Biofilms in Periodontal Disease: Management and Future Therapy”. Periodontitis - A Useful Reference (2017).
  11. Cekici Ayca., et al. “Inflammatory and Immune Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease”. Periodontology 2000 64.1 (2014): 57-80.
  12. Segal Anthony W. “How Neutrophils Kill Microbes”. Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005): 197-223.
  13. Schaefer Andreas S., et al. “Genetic Susceptibility to Periodontal Disease and Its Association with Cardiovascular Disease”. Journal of Clinical Periodontologys10 (2009): 65-79.
  14. Tonetti Maurizio S., et al. “Staging and Grading of Periodontitis: Framework and Proposal of a New Classification”. Journal of Clinical PeriodontologyS20 (2018): S149-S161.
  15. Rosa Rafael AC., et al. “The Relationship between Hypertension and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Journal of Clinical Medicine (2023).
  16. Singh Siddharth, et al. “Obesity and Response to Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Agents in Patients with Select Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. PLOS ONE10 (2018): e0195123.
  17. Dinarello Charles A. Proinflammatory Cytokines”. Chest2 (2000): 503-508.
  18. Yilmaz Mahmut I., et al. “Plasma Endocan Levels Associate with Inflammation, Vascular Abnormalities, Cardiovascular Events, and Survival in Chronic Kidney Disease”. Kidney International6 (2014): 1213-1220.
  19. Hirooka Yoshitaka. “How Can Endocan Be Used as a Specific Biomarker of Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertension?” Hypertension Research3 (2024): 794-795.
  20. Tan A., et al. “Increase in Serum and Salivary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Levels with Increased Periodontal Inflammation”. Journal of Applied Oral Science 28 (2020): e20200276.
  21. Holmström S B., et al. “MMP-12 and S100s in Saliva Reflect Different Aspects of Periodontal Inflammation”. Cytokine 113 (2019): 155-161.
  22. Lorenz K., et al. “Evaluation of a Novel Point-of-Care Test for Active Matrix Metalloproteinase-8: Agreement between Qualitative and Quantitative Measurements and Relation to Periodontal Inflammation”. Journal of Periodontal Research 52 (2017): 277-284.
  23. Dolińska E., et al. “Periodontal Molecular Diagnostics: State of Knowledge and Future Prospects for Clinical Application”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25 (2024): 12624.
  24. Moore G. “The Effect of Interproximal Home Regimens on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Periodontal Maintenance Patients”. Master’s thesis, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA (2022).
  25. Meng Rijing., et al. “Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Risk Markers of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. BMC Oral Health1 (2024): 1.
  26. Church Lucy D and M F McDermott. “Canakinumab, a Fully-Human mAb against IL-1beta for the Potential Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders”. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics 11 (2009): 81-89.
  27. Martínez-García M and E Hernández-Lemus. “Periodontal Inflammation and Systemic Diseases: An Overview”. Frontiers in Physiology 12 (2021): article 709438.
  28. Mazurek-Mochol Małgorzata., et al. “The Role of Interleukin 6 in Periodontitis and Its Complications”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences4 (2024): article 2146.
  29. Cecoro Giulia., et al. “Periodontitis, Low-Grade Inflammation and Systemic Health: A Scoping Review”. Medicina 6 (2020): article 272.
  30. Baeza M., et al. “Effect of Periodontal Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis and Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Applied Oral Science 28 (2020): e20190248.
  31. Cardoso E M., et al. “Chronic Periodontitis, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Interrelationship with Other Chronic Diseases”. Postgraduate Medicine1 (2018): 98-104.
  32. Whayne Thomas F. “Endocan in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease”. Angiology9 (2014): 757-759.
  33. Roudnicky Florian., et al. “Endocan Is Upregulated on Tumor Vessels in Invasive Bladder Cancer Where It Mediates VEGF-A-Induced Angiogenesis”. Cancer Research4 (2013): 1097-1106.
  34. Carrizales-Sepúlveda Emmanuel F., et al. “Periodontal Disease, Systemic Inflammation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease”. Heart, Lung and Circulation11 (2018): 1327-1334.
  35. Macedo Paizan M L and J F Vilela-Martin. “Is There an Association between Periodontitis and Hypertension?” Current Cardiology Reviews4 (2014): 355-361.
  36. Unger Thomas, et al. “Risk Factors for Periodontitis”. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology1 (2005): 3-7.
  37. Southerland JH., et al. “Dental Management in Patients with Hypertension: Challenges and Solutions”. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry 8 (2016): 111-120.
  38. Joshipura Kaumudi J., et al. “Periodontal Disease, Tooth Loss, and Incidence of Ischemic Stroke”. Stroke1 (2003): 47-52.
  39. Iqbal Asma M and Syed F Jamal. “Essential Hypertension”. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing (2023).
  40. DeFronzo Ralph A., et al. “The Effect of Insulin on Renal Handling of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate in Man”. Journal of Clinical Investigation 55 (1975): 845-855.
  41. Hammerman Michael R., et al. “Insulin Stimulates Pi Transport in Brush Border Vesicles from Proximal Tubular Segments”. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism5 (1984): E616-E624.
  42. Takahashi Hakuo., et al. “The Central Mechanism Underlying Hypertension: A Review of the Roles of Sodium Ions, Epithelial Sodium Channels, the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Oxidative Stress and Endogenous Digitalis in the Brain”. Hypertension Research11 (2011): 1147-1160.
  43. Sanz Mariano., et al. “Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases: Consensus Report”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology3 (2020): 268-288.
  44. Kumar Gayathri., et al. “Evaluation of Endocan and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α as Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes and Periodontal Disease”. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers7 (2020): 431-435.
  45. D’Aiuto, Francesco, Marco Orlandi, and John C. Gunsolley. “Evidence That Periodontal Treatment Improves Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes”. Journal of Periodontology4-s (2013): S85-S105.
  46. Benguigui C., et al. “Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Middle-Aged French Population”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology7 (2010): 601-608.
  47. Pietropaoli Daniele., et al. “Poor Oral Health and Blood Pressure Control Among US Hypertensive Adults”. Hypertension6 (2018): 1365-1373.
  48. Nibali Luigi., et al. “Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism3 (2013): 913-920.
  49. Rodrigues J V S., et al. “The Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment on Patients with Combined Refractory Arterial Hypertension and Stage III, Grade B Periodontitis: A Preliminary Prospective Clinical Study”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12 (2023): 4277.
  50. Lanau Núria., et al. “Impact of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment on Blood Pressure: A Prospective Cohort Study”. European Journal of Dentistry2 (2023): 517.
  51. Gatarayiha Agnes, et al. “Oral Hygiene and Periodontal Treatment Interventions for Reducing Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Adults from Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review”. PAMJ Clinical Medicine 15 (2024): article 20.
  52. Luo Yuxue., et al. “Effect of Periodontal Treatments on Blood Pressure”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12 (2021): article CD009409.

Citation

Citation: Lana Ashraf., et al. “The Relationship Between Hypertension and Periodontitis: A Minireview". Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 10.5 (2026): 11-17.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2026 Lana Ashraf., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.278

Indexed In





News and Events


  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be provided with the Publication Certificate after their successful publication
  • Last Date for submission
    Authors are requested to submit manuscripts on/before April 21, 2026, for the upcoming issue of 2026.

Contact US









ff

© 2024 Acta Scientific, All rights reserved.