Sleep Bruxism and Tongue Biting

Eva Khantwal*

Department of General Dental Surgeon, Kalra Hospital, New Delhi (Previously worked in Dashmesh Hospital and Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences), India

*Corresponding Author: Eva Khantwal, Department of General Dental Surgeon, Kalra Hospital, New Delhi (Previously worked in Dashmesh Hospital and Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences), India.

Received: August 30, 2024; Published: October 08, 2024

Citation: Eva Khantwal. “Sleep Bruxism and Tongue Biting". Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 8.11 (2024):07-08.

Introduction

Sleep bruxism, a prevalent parasomnia affecting approximately 8-31% of the adult population, is characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth during sleep. Frequently co-occurring with tongue biting, it leads to oral mucosal injuries and various systemic complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent oral and systemic complications.

Etiology

Sleep bruxism and tongue biting are multifactorial disorders, attributed to.

Neurological factors

• Central nervous system disorders (Parkinson’s, epilepsy)
• Stress and anxiety (psychological, social)
• Dopamine dysregulation (neurotransmitter imbalance)
• Sleep stage transitions

Dental factors

• Malocclusion (misaligned teeth)
• Teeth alignment (orthodontic issues)
• Oral habits (nail biting, chewing)

Sleep disorders

• Sleep apnea (obstructive, central)
• Insomnia (chronic, acute)
• Restless leg syndrome
• Periodic limb movement disorder

Genetic predisposition

• Family history
• Genetic susceptibility

Clinical manifestations

Sleep bruxism and tongue biting present with various clinical manifestations.

Tooth wear and tear

Sleep bruxism and tongue biting can lead to excessive tooth wear and tear, manifesting as.

Attrition

• Definition: Attrition refers to the loss of tooth structure due to tooth-to-tooth contact.
• Causes: Grinding and clenching during sleep bruxism.
• Symptoms: Flattened teeth, reduced tooth height, and altered bite.
• Consequences: Increased risk of tooth sensitivity, fractures, and dental restorations.

Abrasion

• Definition: Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure due to external forces.
• Causes: Tongue biting, habits like nail biting or chewing on hard objects.
• Symptoms: V-shaped notches or grooves on teeth.
• Consequences: Weakened teeth, increased risk of decay and sensitivity.

Erosion

• Definition: Erosion is the loss of tooth enamel due to acid exposure.
• Causes: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), frequent vomiting, or excessive consumption of acidic foods/drinks.
• Symptoms: Smooth, shiny teeth surfaces, cupping or hollowing of teeth.
• Consequences: Increased risk of sensitivity, decay, and tooth fracture.

Jaw pain and tenderness

• Temporomandibular joint disorders
• Masticatory muscle fatigue

Tongue lesions and ulcers

• Traumatic injuries
• Oral mucosal damage

Sleep disruptions

• Frequent awakenings
• Insomnia
• Daytime fatigue

Morning headaches

• Cephalalgia
• Facial pain

Diagnosis

A comprehensive diagnostic approach involves.

Clinical examination

• Oral inspection
• Dental history
• Medical evaluation

Sleep diary

• Patient-reported sleep patterns
• Symptoms

Polysomnography

• Overnight sleep study
• Sleep architecture assessment
• Bruxism episode evaluation

Electromyography

• Muscle activity assessment
• Jaw muscle contraction evaluation

Treatment plan

A multidisciplinary approach is essential.

Occlusal adjustment

• Dental correction
• Malocclusion alleviation

Night guard

• Custom-made appliance
• Tooth grinding prevention
• Tongue biting prevention

Relaxation techniques

• Stress management
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Meditation
• Yoga

Sleep therapy

• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Insomnia management
• Sleep disorder treatment

Pharmacological interventions

• Muscle relaxants
• Anxiety medications
• Dopamine regulators

Case management

Effective case management involves.

Interdisciplinary collaboration

• Dentists
• Physicians
• Psychologists

Patient education

• Oral hygiene
• Relaxation techniques
• Sleep habits

Follow-up

• Regular check-ups
• Treatment adjustment

Conclusion

Sleep bruxism and tongue biting require comprehensive management. Early diagnosis and treatment alleviate symptoms, prevent complications. Interdisciplinary collaboration ensures optimal patient care.

Copyright: © 2024 Eva Khantwal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.