Acta Scientific Dental Sciences (ASDS)(ISSN: 2581-4893)

Research Article Volume 7 Issue 1

The Implications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Oral Health

Lynceia Angel, Adriana Bruzon Sanchez, Crystal Dey* and Dina Harlequin

School of Dentistry, University of Guyana, Guyana

*Corresponding Author: Crystal Dey, School of Dentistry, University of Guyana, Guyana.

Received: November 22, 2022; Published: December 15, 2022

Abstract

Background Information: This systematic review focuses on analyzing scientific data to identify the Implications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on Oral Health. Oral symptoms that are diagnostic and prognostic of HIV infection are associated. According to anecdotal evidence, the prevalence of oral lesions has decreased after Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy was introduced (HAART). There were just a few prevalence studies carried out throughout the HAART era.

Significance of Research: Globally, HIV/AIDS has turned into a human and social disaster, affecting developing countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America in particular. Due to the worldwide increase in the number of people living with HIV, there is a greater chance for a dental professional, particularly a dentist, to treat a seropositive patient. The advent of HAART has significantly impacted the treatment outcomes seen among HIV seropositive individuals and has revolutionized the treatment of HIV amongst the said population.

Objectives: To review published literature with the purpose of understanding the prevalence and variations of the Oral Health Implications of seropositive adults globally, who are on HAART compared to those who are not on HAART.

Methods: Electronic literature searches were conducted from April 2022 to July 2022, to discover relevant papers that were published. Three investigation systems were utilized in this research: PubMed Central (PMC), Scielo and EbscoHost. A wide number of investigations were found to be “generally relevant” to the research topic. Investigations filtered through the system's electronic database were set from the year 1997 to date. Each study was graded using a quality assessment instrument given by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed to evaluate each analysis using standardized methods.

Results: Twenty articles were included in this systematic review which included cross-sectional, retrospective cohort, randomized control, case-control, and comparative studies with a focus on the study’s topic. The prevalence and variation of the oral manifestation of HIV was greater in adults aged 18 years and older who were not on HAART as compared to adults aged 18 years and older who were on HAART.

Conclusion: According to this systematic review, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) may have a positive effect on oral manifestations of HIV in seropositive patients, however, more research is needed to investigate and provide more data on the effect of HAART on oral aspects of HIV.

Keywords: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; HAART; Oral Manifestations; Oral Lesions; Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HIV

References

  1. Ceballos-Salobreña Alejandro., et al. “Oral Lesions in HIV/AIDS Patients Undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment Including Protease Inhibitors: A New Face of Oral AIDS?” AIDS Patient Care and STDs12 (2000): 627-635.
  2. Pakfetrat A., et al. “Oral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients”. Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology78 (2015): 25745611.
  3. Aškinytė D., et al. “Oral Manifestations of HIV Disease: A Review”. Stomatologija1 (2015): 21-28.
  4. Eweka OM., et al. “Prevalence of Oral Lesions and the Effects of HAART in Adult HIV Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria”. Open Journal of Stomatology3 (2012): 200-205.
  5. Fauci Anthony S. “HIV And AIDS: 20 Years of Science”. Nature Medicine7 (2003): 839-843.
  6. Hernandez-Vargas., et al. “Modeling the Three Stages in HIV Infection”. Journal of Theoretical Biology320 (2013): 33-40.
  7. “About HIV/AIDS: HIV Basics”. Center for Disease Control 16 (2018).
  8. The Stages of HIV Infection | NIH”. National Institute of Health (2021).
  9. Pebody R. “About HIV”. AIDS Map (2020).
  10. “History of HIV/AIDS”. Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research (CANFAR) (2020).
  11. Campo-Trapero Julián., et al. “Dental Management of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus”. Quintessence International 7 (1985): 515-525.
  12. Hammer Scott M., et al. “A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Plus Indinavir in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and CD4 Cell Counts of 200 per Cubic Millimeter or Less”. New England Journal of Medicine11 (1997): 725-733.
  13. Eggleton Julie S and Shivaraj Nagalli. “Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)”. StatPearls (2022).
  14. Morris Alison., et al. “Improved Survival with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Patients with Severe Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia”. AIDS, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)1 (2003): 73-80.
  15. Currier Judith S. “Opportunistic Infections in the Age of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy”. AIDS Patient Care and STDs7 (1998): 521-525.
  16. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “Dictionary of Cancer Terms”. National Cancer Institute (2011).
  17. Larder Bredan A., et al. “HIV With Reduced Sensitivity to Zidovudine (AZT) Isolated During Prolonged Therapy”. Science 243 (1989): 1731-1734.
  18. Schooley RT., et al. “Virologic and Immunologic Benefits of Initial Combination Therapy with Zidovudine and Zalcitabine or Didanosine Compared with Zidovudine Monotherapy”. Journal of Infectious Diseases6 (1996): 1354-1366.
  19. Gallant Joel E., et al. “Early Virologic Nonresponse to Tenofovir, Abacavir, and Lamivudine in HIV-Infected Antiretroviral-Naive Subjects”. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 11 (2005): 1921-1930.
  20. Petersen PE. “Policy for Prevention of Oral Manifestations in HIV/AIDS: The Approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Program”. Advances in Dental Research1 (2006): 17-20.
  21. Challacombe SJ., et al. “Overview of the Fourth International Workshop on the Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection”. Oral Diseases 8 (2002): 9-14.
  22. Shu Wen., et al. “A Real-world, Cross Sectional Study of Oral Lesions and Their Association With CD4 Cell Counts and HIV Viral Load in Yunnan, China”. Medicine40 (2020). e22416.
  23. R Chris Rathbun. “Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection: Overview”. FDA-Approved Antivirals and Regimens, Complete Regimen Combination ARTs (2022).
  24. Leao JC., et al. “Oral complications of HIV disease”. Clinics5 (2009).
  25. Gaurav Sharma, et al. “Prevalence of Oral Manifestations and Their Association with CD4/CD8 Ratio and HIV Viral Load in South India”. International Journal of Dentistry (2011): 1-8.
  26. Elson CO and Smith PD. “Immunologic disease of the gastrointestinal tract”. Clinical Immunology (2008): 1099-1114.
  27. Vanangamudi M. “Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): a brief overview of clinically approved drugs and combination regimens”. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 54 (2020): 179-187.
  28. Shafer R and Vuitton D. “Highly active antiretroviral therapy (Haart) for the treatment of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1”. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy2 (1999): 73-86.
  29. Page Matthew J., et al. “The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews”. BMJ (2021):
  30. Nittayananta, Wipawee, et al. “Effects of Long-term Use of HAART on Oral Health Status of HIV-infected Subjects”. Journal of Oral Pathology and Amp; Medicine (2010).
  31. Taiwo Olaniyi O and Zuwaira Hassan. “The Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on the Clinical Features of HIV - Related Oral Lesions in Nigeria”. AIDS Research and Therapy1 (2010): 19.
  32. Mary Eweka Olutola., et al. “Prevalence of HIV Related Oral Lesions in People Living with HIV and on Combined Antiretroviral Therapy: A Nigerian Experience”. Pan African Medical Journal 31 (2018).
  33. Naidu SG., et al. “Oral Lesions and Immune Status of HIV Infected Adults from Eastern Nepal”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Medicine Oral,L (2013): e1-7.
  34. Kerdpon D., et al. “Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection in Relation to Clinical and CD4 Immunological Status in Northern and Southern Thai Patients”. Oral Diseases3 (2004): 138-144.
  35. JD Eyeson., et al. “Oral Manifestations of an HIV Positive Cohort in the Era of Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) in South London”. Journal of Oral Pathology and Amp; Medicine3 (2002): 169-174.
  36. Chitturi RaviTeja, et al. “Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Manifestations of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome in South India”. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS1 (2015): 35.
  37. Umadevi KMR., et al. “Oral Lesions Among Persons with HIV Disease With and Without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Southern India”. Journal of Oral Pathology and Amp; Medicine3 (2007): 136-141.
  38. Ramírez-Amador Velia., et al. “HIV-Related Oral Lesions, Demographic Factors, Clinical Staging and Anti-Retroviral Use”. Archives of Medical Research5 (2006): 646-654.
  39. Ribeiro Ribeiro André Luis., et al. “Oral Carriage of Candida Species in HIV-infected Patients During Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Belém, Brazil”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology1 (2015): 29-33.
  40. Rocha Graziela de Carvalho Tavares da., et al. “Evaluation of Sociodemographic Factors and Prevalence of Oral Lesions in People Living with HIV From Cacoal, Rondônia, Amazon Region of Brazil”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health5 (2022): 2614.
  41. Jiménez Malagón MC., et al. “Manifestaciones Orales En Pacientes VIH/SIDA Asociadas a Tratamiento Antirretroviral Y El Estado Inmunológico En Dos Fundaciones De La Ciudad De Cartagena”. Avances En Odontoestomatología4 (2012): 181-189.
  42. Abe Oluwatoyin Elizabeth., et al. “Orofacial Lesions Associated with Long-term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Among HIV-seropositive Adults in Ibadan, Nigeria”. Pan African Medical Journal 38 (2021).
  43. Peppes Cristiane Pedroso., et al. “Oral Lesions Frequency in HIV-positive Patients at a Tertiary Hospital, Southern Brazil”. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences3 (2013): 216-222.
  44. Selvi UPG., et al. “Effect of HAART on the Oral Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patients: A Clinical Study, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu”. International Journal of Scientific Study4 (2016).
  45. Ramirez-Amador V., et al. “Oral Lesions as Clinical Markers of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Failure: A Nested Case-Control Study in Mexico City”. Clinical Infectious Diseases7 (2007): 925-932.
  46. Powderly William G., et al. “Recovery of the Immune System with Antiretroviral Therapy”. Journal of the American Medical Association1 (1998): 72.
  47. Race Elizabeth M and Anthony J Japour. “Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy”. The Lancet 351 (1998): 1058-1059.

Citation

Citation: Crystal Dey., et al. “The Implications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Oral Health".Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 7.1 (2023): 41-60.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Crystal Dey., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.278

Indexed In





News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is November 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US









ff

© 2024 Acta Scientific, All rights reserved.