Shweta Hinduja* and Ruchika Sood

Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology, India

*Corresponding Author: Shweta Hinduja, Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology, India.

Received: March 28, 2022; Published: May 16, 2022

Abstract

PIFP is a chronic pain condition recurring daily for over two hours daily for more than 3 months, in absence of neurological deficits. Pain may be localized, and may eventually spread, further affecting the quality of life of patients. The pathophysiology is not clearly identified and neither is the diagnostic criteria, which has further lead to lack of research on the topic. We hereby present a narrative review; discussing the symptomatology, differential diagnosis and the diagnostic criteria available for the condition, as also the holistic management.

Keywords: Orofacial Pain; Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain; PIFP; Idiopathic Facial Pain; IFP; Trigeminal Neuralgia; PTTN; Chronic Facial Pain; Idiopathic Facial Pain; Daily Pain, Idiopathic Facial Pain

References

1. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition (beta version)”. Cephalalgia 33 (2013): 629-808.
2. Xiao X., et al. “Challenges of Misdiagnosis and Suboptimal Treatment of Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain and Atypical Odontalgia: A Retrospective Multi-Centric Cross-Sectional Investigation”. Journal of Pain Research 13 (2020): 2853-2860.
3. Clarkson E and Jung E. “Atypical facial pain”. Dental Clinics of North America 1 (2020): 249-253.
4. Nobrega JC., et al. “Differential diagnosis in atypical facial pain: a clinical study”. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 2A (2007): 256-261.
5. Forssell H., et al. “Differences and similarities between atypical facial pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain”. Neurology14 (2007): 1451-1459.
6. Ghurye S and McMillan R. “Orofacial pain - an update on diagnosis and management”. British Dental Journal 9 (2017): 639-647.
7. Benoliel R and Gaul C. “Persistent idiopathic facial pain”. Cephalalgia7 (2017): 680-691.
8. Koopman JSHA., et al. “Incidence of facial pain in the general population”. Pain 147 (2009): 122-127.
9. Mueller D., et al. “Prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain: a population-based study”. Cephalalgia 31 (2011): 1542-1548.
10. Busch V and May A. “Kopf- und Gesichtsschmerzen Das Praxisbuch. 1. edition. In: Busch V, May A, editors. Urba and Fischer. München (2002): 244.
11. Ziegeler C., et al. “Idiopathic Facial Pain Syndromes-An Overview and Clinical Implications”. Deutsches Arzteblatt International6 (2021): 81-87.
12. The Orofacial Pain Classification Committee. “International classification of orofacial pain”. 1st edition (ICOP) Cephalalgia 40 (2020): 129-221.
13. Sukenaga N., et al. “Neuropathic Characteristics in Patients With Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain”. Journal of Pain Research 12 (2019): 2801-2805.
14. Siqueira SR., et al. “Quantitative sensory testing in trigeminal traumatic neuropathic pain and persistent idiopathic facial pain”. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71 (2013): 174-179.
15. Baad-Hansen L., et al. “Somatosensory sensitivity in patients with persistent idiopathic orofacial pain is associated with pain relief from hypnosis and relaxation”. The Clinical Journal of Pain 29 (2013): 518-526.
16. Forssell H., et al. “Differences and similarities between atypical facial pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain”. Neurology 69 (2007): 1451-1459.
17. Benoliel R., et al. “Peripheral painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy: Clinical features in 91 cases and proposal of novel diagnostic criteria”. Journal of Orofacial Pain 26 (2012): 49-58.
18. Nobrega JC., et al. “Diferential diagnosis in atypical facial pain: A clinical study”. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatri 65 (2007): 256-261.
19. Taiminen T., et al. “Psychiatric (axis I) and personality (axis II) disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome or atypical facial pain”. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2 (2011): 155-160.
20. Lang E., et al. “Persistent idiopathic facial pain exists independent of somatosensory input from the painful region: Findings from quantitative sensory functions and somatotopy of the primary somatosensory cortex”. Pain 118 (2005): 80-91.
21. Brailo V and Zakrzewska JM. “Grading the intensity of nondental orofacial pain: Identification of cutoff points for mild, moderate, and severe pain”. Journal of Pain Research 8 (2015): 95-104.
22. Forssell H., et al. “Differences and similarities between atypical facial pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain”. Neurology 69 (2007): 1451-1459.
23. Jaaskelainen SK., et al. “Electrophysiological testing of the trigeminofacial system: Aid in the diagnosis of atypical facial pain”. Pain 80 (1999): 191-200.
24. Derbyshire SW., et al. “Cerebral responses to pain in patients with atypical facial pain measured by positron emission tomography”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 57 (1994): 1166-1172.
25. Hagelberg N., et al. “Altered dopamine D2 receptor binding in atypical facial pain”. Pain 106 (2003): 43-48.
26. Maarbjerg S., et al. “Persistent idiopathic facial pain - a prospective systematic study of clinical characteristics and neuroanatomical findings at 3.0 Tesla MRI”. Cephalalgia (2016).
27. Kuncz A., et al. “Comparison of clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance angiographic (MRA) results in patients with trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain. Medium-term outcome after microvascular decompression of cases with positive MRA findings”. Cephalalgia 26 (2006): 266-276.
28. Lang E., et al. “Neurovascular relationship at the trigeminal root entry zone in persistent idiopathic facial pain: Findings from MRI 3D visualization”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 76 (2005): 1506-1509.
29. Gerwin R. “Chronic Facial Pain: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain, and Myofascial Pain Syndrome-An Evidence-Based Narrative Review and Etiological Hypothesis”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health19 (2020): 7012.
30. Galli U., et al. “Do illness perceptions predict pain-related disability and mood in chronic orofacial pain patients? A 6-month follow-up study”. European Journal of Pain 14 (2010): 550-558.
31. Gaul C., et al. “Integrated multidisciplinary care of headache disorders: A narrative review”. Cephalalgia 36 (2016): 1181-1191.
32. Guler N., et al. “Long-term follow-up of patients with atypical facial pain treated with amitriptyline”. NYS Dental Journal 71 (2005): 38-42.
33. Nagashima W., et al. “Effectiveness of duloxetine for the treatment of chronic nonorganic orofacial pain”. Clinical Neuropharmacology 35 (2012): 273-277.
34. Forssell H., et al. “Venlafaxine in the treatment of atypical facial pain: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Orofacial Pain 18 (2004): 131-137.
35. Volcy M., et al. “Persistent idiopathic facial pain responsive to topiramate”. Cephalalgia 26 (2006): 489-491.
36. Delvaux V and Schoenen J. “New generation anti-epileptics for facial pain and headache”. Acta Neurologica Belgica 101 (2001): 42-46.
37. Yang HW and Huang YF. “Treatment of persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) with a low-level energy diode laser”. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 29 (2011): 707-710.
38. Lindholm P., et al. “Right secondary somatosensory cortex - a promising novel target for the treatment of drug-resistant neuropathic orofacial pain with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation”. Pain 156 (2015): 1276-1283.
39. Jurgens TP., et al. “Occipital nerve block is effective in craniofacial neuralgias but not in idiopathic persistent facial pain”. The Journal of Headache and Pain 13 (2012): 199-213.
40. Abrahamsen R., et al. “Hypnosis in the management of persistent idiopathic orofacial pain - clinical and psychosocial findings”. Pain 136 (2008): 44-52.
41. Bayer E., et al. “Sphenopalatine ganglion pulsed radiofrequency treatment in 30 patients suffering from chronic face and head pain”. Pain Practice 5 (2005): 223-227.
42. Aggarwal VR., et al. “Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11 (2011): CD008456.
43. Madland G., et al. “Chronic idiopathic orofacial pain: I: What is the evidence base?” British Dental Journal 1 (2001): 22-24.
44. Harrison S., et al. “Does short-term group therapy affect unexplained medical symptoms?” Journal of Psychosomatic Research4 (1997): 399-404.
45. Sardella A., et al. “An up-to-date view on persistent idiopathic facial pain”. Minerva Stomatologica 6 (2009): 289-299.
46. Lee JY., et al. “Development of and psychometric testing for the Brief Pain Inventory-Facial in patients with facial pain syndromes”. Journal of Neurosurgery 3 (2010): 516-523.
47. Zigmond AS and Snaith RP. “The hospital anxiety and depression scale”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67 (1983): 361-437.
48. Sullivan MJ., et al. “The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation”. Psychological Assessment 4 (1995): 524-532.
49. Von Korff M., et al. “Graded chronic pain status: an epidemiologic evaluation”. Pain3 (1990): 279-291.
50. Wirz S., et al. “Management of chronic orofacial pain: a survey of general dentists in german university hospitals”. Pain Medications 3 (2010): 416-424.
51. Cassel EJ. “The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine”. The New England Journal of Medicine 11 (1982): 639-645.
52. Sessle BJ. “Peripheral and central mechanisms of orofacial inflammatory pain”. International Review of Neurobiology 97 (2011): 179-206.
53. Katz DL and Friedman R. “Nutrition in clinical practice”. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2008).
54. Shetreat-Klein M and Low Dog T. “Introduction to integrative neurology” (2011).
55. Nguyen CT and Wang MB. “Complementary and integrative treatments: atypical facial pain”. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 3 (2013): 367-382.
56. Voigt K., et al. “Efficacy of osteopathic manipulative treatment of female patients with migraine: results of a randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 3 (2011): 225-230.
57. Novak HF. “Treatment of facial pain syndromes with single needle ear acupuncture: preliminary results of an open pilot study. Poster session presented at: ICMART 2000. 9th World Congress on Medical Acupuncture and Related Techniques”. Vienna (Austria) (2000).
58. Witt CM., et al. “Safety of acupuncture: results of a prospective observational study with 229,230 patients and introduction of a medical information and consent form”. Forsch Komplementmed 2 (2009): 91-97.
59. Lu DP., et al. “Phenytoin (Dilantin) and acupuncture therapy in the treatment of intractable oral and facial pain”. Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics Research 1-2 (2011): 65-84.
60. Aggarwal VR., et al. “Reviewing the evidence: can cognitive behavioral therapy improve outcomes for patients with chronic orofacial pain?” Journal of Orofacial Pain 2 (2010): 163-171.
61. Obermann M., et al. “Trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain”. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics11 (2011): 1619-1629.
62. Moreira-Almeida A and Koenig HG. “Religiousness and spirituality in fibromyalgia and chronic pain patients”. Current Pain and Headache Reports 5 (2008): 327-332.
63. Anandarajah G and Hight E. “Spirituality and medical practice: using the HOPE questions as a practical tool for spiritual assessment”. American Family Physician 1 (2001): 81-89.
64. Stefano GB and Esch T. “Integrative medical therapy: examination of meditation’s therapeutic and global medicinal outcomes via nitric oxide (review)”. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 4 (2005): 621-630.
65. Snyder M and Wieland J. “Complementary and alternative therapies: what is their place in the management of chronic pain?” Nursing Clinics of North America 3 (2003): 495-508.
66. Pratt RR. “Art, dance, and music therapy”. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 4 (2004): 827-841.
67. Kemper KJ and Danhauer SC. “Music as therapy”. Southern Medical Journal 3 (2005): 282-288.

Citation

Citation: Shweta Hinduja and Ruchika Sood. “A Review on Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (PIFP)". Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 6.6 (2022): 70-77.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Shweta Hinduja and Ruchika Sood. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.