Jimson Samson¹*, Harivighnesh S², Anandh Balasubramanian³ and Jones Jayabalan⁴

¹Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
²Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
³Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
⁴Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author: Jimson Samson, Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.

Received: June 28, 2021; Published: : August 05, 2021

Citation: Jimson Samson., et al. “Retromandibular Approach for Mandibular Sub Condylar Fracture: A Review of Literature". Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 5.9 (2021): 11-20.

Abstract

Fracture of mandibular condyle represent 25% to 30% of all mandibular fractures and are thus among the most common facial fractures. There are variable pattern of fracture that may occur anywhere along the line from the sigmoid notch to the mandibular angle. It is often accompanied by fractures in other sites of the mandible. They differ from mandibular body fractures because they are more difficult to diagnose clinically and radiologically. Because of the importance of the condyle as the growth centre of the mandible and for lower accessibility, an accurate diagnosis and treatment of condyle fractures are very important. This review literature discussed about the various classifications of mandibular condylar fracture, the management options such as conservative management, open reduction internal fixation and the various open reduction managements.

Keywords: Fracture; Mandibular Condyle; Facial Fractures; Mandibular Angle

Bibliography

1. Kim B-K., et al. “Usefulness of the retromandibular transparotid approach for condylar neck and condylar base fractures”. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 3 (2012): 712-715.
2. Booth PW., et al. “Maxillofacial Surgery”. Churchill Livingstone (2007): 1760.
3. Marker P., et al. “Fractures of the mandibular condyle. Part 2: results of treatment of 348 patients”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 5 (2000): 422-426.
4. Gerbino G., et al. “Long-Term Clinical and Radiological Outcomes for the Surgical Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fractures”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 67 (2009): 1009-1014.
5. MacL Ennan Wd. “Consideration of 180 cases of typical fractures of the mandibular condylar process”. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2 (1952): 122-128.
6. NL Rowe., et al. “Fractures of the facial skeleton”. Consultants in Oral Surgery, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Rooksdown House, Basingstoke. With a Foreword by Sir Reginald Watson-Jones. 9 3/4 × 6 3/4 in. Pp. 923 xxxvi, with 1231 illustrations, 14 in colour. 1955. Edinburgh: E. and S. Livingstone Ltd. £6”. British Journal of Surgery 43 (2005): 446-446.
7. Kilner TP., et al. Consultants in Oral Surgery, Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Unit, Rooksdown House, Basingstoke. With a foreword by Sir Reginald Watson-Jones, and contributions from eight other authors. 10x7½ in. Pp. xxxvi 923, with 1,231 figures, 14 in full colour. Index. 1955. Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. Price £6”. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume 39-b (1957): 806-806.
8. By Reed O Dingman., et al. “Surgery of facial fractures. 10 × 7½ in. Pp. 380. Heavily illustrated, 1964. London: W. B. Saunders Ltd. £7 17s”. British Journal of Surgery 51 (2005): 560-560.
9. Spezielle Frakturen und Luxationslehre: Gesichts schadel. Edited by H. Nigst, Basel. 10 × 7 in. Pp. 213 xii. Illustrated. 1972. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. DM.164”. British Journal of Surgery 60 (2005): 335-335.
10. Lindahl L and Hollender L. “Condylar fractures of the mandible”. International Journal of Oral Surgery 6 (1977): 153-165.
11. Ellis E., et al. “Further displacement of condylar process fractures after closed treatment”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 57 (1999): 1307-1316.
12. Loukota RA., et al. “Subclassification of fractures of the condylar process of the mandible”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 43 (2005): 72-73.
13. Website [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 27]. Available from: https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOKN_A0M3D2DDbz9_UMMDRyDXQ3dw9wMDAwCTYEKIvEocDQnTr8BDuBoQEi_l35Uek5-EtCp4c76US6huYZ-6SBDHfOSjC3S9aOKUtNSi1KL9DLyi0v0I8rLy430EvPT8kvzUsBe1MsvStcvyA2NqPIsdgQA63nsuA!!/dl5/d5/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SmlFL1o2XzJPMDBHSVMwS09PVDEwQVNFMUdWRjAwMFE1/?boneZCMF&segmentZMandible&showPageZdiagnosis.
14. Neff A., et al. “The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Condylar Process Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial”. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction: SAGE Journals1 (2014): S044-58.
15. Choi J., et al. “A follow-up study of condyle fracture in children”. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery8 (2005): 851-858.
16. Thorén H., et al. “Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery7 (2001): 773-774.
17. Al-Moraissi EA and Ellis E. “Surgical Treatment of Adult Mandibular Condylar Fractures Provides Better Outcomes Than Closed Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 73 (2015): 482-493.
18. Eckelt U., et al. “Open versus closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process-a prospective randomized multi-centre study”. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery5 (2006): 306-314.
19. Jensen T., et al. “Open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condylar fractures by an intraoral approach: a long-term follow-up study of 15 patients”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery12 (2006): 1771-1779.
20. Chrcanovic BR. “Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of mandibular condylar fractures: a meta-analysis”. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44 (2015): 158-179.
21. Yao S., et al. “Contrast Analysis of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation and Non–Surgical Treatment of Condylar Fracture”. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 25 (2014): 2077-2080.
22. Zide MF and Kent JN. “Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 41 (1983): 89-98.
23. Ellis E., et al. “Subcondylar Fractures”. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 20 (2012): 365-382.
24. Sawhney R., et al. “Condylar fractures”. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America5 (2013): 779-790.
25. Mohan AP., et al. “Comparison of preauricular approach versus retromandibular approach in management of condylar fractures”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery4 (2012): 435-441.
26. Hackenberg B., et al. “Management of subcondylar mandible fractures in the adult patient”. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery1 (2014): 166-171.
27. Schmelzeisen R., et al. “Patient Benefit From Endoscopically Assisted Fixation of Condylar Neck Fractures-A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 67 (2009): 147-158.
28. Nogami S., et al. “Clinical comparison between the retromandibular approach for reduction and fixation and endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation for mandibular condyle fractures”. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery6 (2012): 1815-1818.
29. Sawhney R., et al. “Endoscopic Treatment of Subcondylar Fractures”. Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports 3 (2015): 226-232.
30. Kang S-H., et al. “Complications in endoscopic-assisted open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular condyle fractures”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology2 (2012): 201-206.
31. Nam SM., et al. “Transoral Open Reduction for Subcondylar Fractures of the Mandible Using an Angulated Screwdriver System”. Annals of Plastic Surgery3 (2015): 295-301.
32. Vajgel A., et al. “Treatment of condylar fractures with an intraoral approach using an angulated screwdriver: results of a multicentre study”. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery1 (2015): 34-42.
33. Keefe MA. “Five-Year Experience with the Transoral Endoscopically Assisted Treatment of Displaced Condylar Mandible Fractures”. Yearbook of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2007): 165-166.
34. Boffano P., et al. “European Maxillofacial Trauma (EURMAT) in children: a multicenter and prospective study”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 5 (2015): 499-504.
35. Ghasemzadeh A., et al. “Treatment of Pediatric Condylar Fractures: A 20-Year Experience”. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 6 (2015): 1279-1288.
36. Naran S., et al. “The safe and efficacious use of arch bars in patients during primary and mixed dentition: a challenge to conventional teaching”. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2 (2014): 364-366.
37. Singh V., et al. “Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures: a prospective randomized study”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery6 (2010): 1304-1309.
38. Zachariades N., et al. “Fractures of the mandibular condyle: a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals”. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery7 (2006): 421-432.
39. Biglioli F and Colletti G. “Mini-retromandibular approach to condylar fractures”. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery7 (2008): 378-383.
40. Haug RH and Brandt MT. “Closed reduction, open reduction, and endoscopic assistance: current thoughts on the management of mandibular condyle fractures”. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 7-2 (2007): 90S-102S.
41. Emam HA., et al. “Matching Surgical Approach to Condylar Fracture Type”. Atlas of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 1 (2017): 55-61.
42. Kempers KG., et al. “Surgical approaches to mandibular condylar fractures: a review”. The Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma 4 (1999): 25-30.
43. Choi BH and Yoo JH. “Open reduction of condylar neck fractures with exposure of the facial nerve”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 3 (1999): 292-296.
44. Downie JJ., et al. “Prospective study of morbidity associated with open reduction and internal fixation of the fractured condyle by the transparotid approach”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 5 (2009): 370-373.
45. Yang L and Patil PM. “The retromandibular transparotid approach to mandibular subcondylar fractures”. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 41 (2012): 494-499.
46. Yamamoto MK., et al. “Evaluation of surgical retreatment of mandibular fractures”. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 41 (2013): 42-46.
47. Hinds EC and Girotti WJ. “Vertical subcondylar osteotomy: A reappraisal”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 24 (1967): 164-170.
48. Koberg WR and Momma WG. “Treatment of fractures of the articular process by functional stable osteosynthesis using miniaturized dynamic compression plates”. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery4 (1978): 256-262.
49. Manisali M., et al. “Retromandibular approach to the mandibular condyle: a clinical and cadaveric study”. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery3 (2003): 253-256.
50. Devlin MF., et al. “Open reduction and internal fixation of fractured mandibular condyles bya retromandibular approach: surgical morbidity and informed consent”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 40 (2002): 23-25.
51. Wilson AW., et al. “Transmasseteric antero-parotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery1 (2005): 57-60.
52. Salgarelli AC., et al. “How to improve retromandibular transmasseteric anteroparotid approach for mandibular condylar fractures: our clinical experience”. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery4 (2013): 464-469.
53. Tang W., et al. “Application of Modified Retromandibular Approach Indirectly From the Anterior Edge of the Parotid Gland in the Surgical Treatment of Condylar Fracture”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 67 (2009): 552-558.
54. Ebenezer V and Ramalingam B. “Comparison of Approaches for the Rigid Fixation of Sub-Condylar Fractures”. Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 10 (2011): 38-44.
55. Narayanan V., et al. “Transmasseteric anterior parotid approach for condylar fractures: experience of 129 cases”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery5 (2012): 420-424.

Copyright: © 2021 Jimson Samson., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.