Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 0.2% Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs), CNPs/EDTA (1:1) and 17% EDTA on smear layer removal ability.

Methods: Fifteen extracted human permanent mandibular premolars with single canals were decoronated and biomechanically prepared using protaper next rotary system and 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite, then randomly distributed according to the final irrigation protocol into 3 group; Group I (0.2% CNPs), Group II (CNPs/EDTA) (1:1), and Group III (17% EDTA). A standardized volume of 5 ml of each tested irrigant (s) was used for 3 minutes. Teeth were longitudinally split to evaluate the smear layer eradication using scanning electron microscope at magnifications of 500x and 1000x. The micrographs for each third were given scores by two blinded observers using Takeda., et al. (1999) scoring system. 

Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of the three groups at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds (P-value = 0.368, 0.054, and 0.0900) respectively. As for the combined total scores of each group, Group I (CNPs) showing a significantly higher smear layer elimination than both Group II (CNPs/EDTA) and Group III (EDTA) (P-value = 0.044). 

Conclusions None of the used chelating agents resulted in complete removal of the smear layer. The combined use of CNPs/EDTA (1:1) did not show superior performance over the other two groups.

Keywords: Chitosan; EDTA; Nanoparticles; Final Flush; Smear Layer; Scanning Electron Microscope

References

1. Kandil HE., et al. “Effect of different irrigant solutions on microhardness and smear layer removal of root canal dentin”. Tanta Dental Journal 11.1 (2014): 1-1.
2. Shahravan A., et al. “Effect of Smear Layer on Sealing Ability of Canal Obturation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. Journal of Endodontics 33.2 (2007): 96-105. 
3. Nogo‐Živanović D., et al. “The effect of final irrigation with MTAD, QMix, and EDTA on smear layer removal and mineral content of root canal dentin”. Microscopy Research and Technique 82.6 (2019):923-930.
4. Abraham S., et al. “Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of smear layer removal at the apical third of root canals using diode laser, endoActivator, and ultrasonics with chitosan: An In vitro study”. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 22.2 (2019):149.
5. Spanó JCE., et al. “Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation of Concentration of Calcium Ions and Smear Layer Removal with Root Canal Chelators”. Journal of Endodontics 35.5 (2009):727-730.
6. Haznedaroǧlu F. “Efficacy of various concentrations of citric acid at different pH values for smear layer removal”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology 96.3 (2003):340-344. 
7. Kurita K. “Chemistry and application of chitin and chitosan”. Polymer Degradation and Stability 59.1-3 (1998):117-120.
8. Elshoky HA., et al. “Ascorbic acid prevents cellular uptake and improves biocompatibility of chitosan nanoparticles”. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2018): 115. 
9. Baumgartner JC and Mader CL. “A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of four root canal irrigation systems”. Journal of Endodontics 13 (1987): 147-157. 
10. Likhitkar M., et al. “To evaluate the influence of smear layer with different instruments and obturation methods on microleakage of root canal filled teeth: In vitro study”. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 6.3 (2016): 240.
11. Mader CL., et al. “Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the smeared layer on root canal walls”. Journal of Endodontics 10.10 (1984): 477-483. 
12. Peters OA., et al. “Effects of four Ni–Ti preparation techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed tomography”. International Endodontic Journal 34.3 (2001): 221-230.
13. Mohammadi Z., et al. “The oval shaped root canal: a clinical review”. Saudi Dental Journal 70.5 (2015): 200-204. 
14. Silva PV., et al. “Time-dependent effects of chitosan on dentin structures”. Brazilian Dental Journal 23.4 (2012): 357-361.
15. Kamble AB., et al. “Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of efficacy of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and chitosan for smear layer removal with ultrasonics: an In vitro study”. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 8.4 (2017): 621.
16. Vallabhaneni K., et al. “Comparative analyses of smear layer removal using four different irrigant solutions in the primary root canals–A scanning electron microscopic study”. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 11.4 (2017): ZC64. 
17. Zhou H., et al. “A comparative scanning electron microscopy evaluation of smear layer removal with chitosan and MTAD”. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 21.1 (2018): 76-80.
18. Cohen ML. “Nanotubes, nanoscience, and nanotechnology”. Materials Science and Engineering C 15.1-2 (2001): 1-1. 
19. Geethapriya N., et al. “Effect of chitosan-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid on Enterococcus faecalis dentinal biofilm and smear layer removal”. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 19.5 (2016): 472.
20. Mendonça Dh., et al. “Effects of various irrigation/aspiration protocols on cleaning of flattened root canals”. Brazilian Oral Research 29.1 (2015): 1-9.
21. Sadr Lahijani MS., et al. “The effect of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.) extract and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study”. International Endodontic Journal 39.3 (2006): 190-195. 
22. Dagna A., et al. “F360 and F6 Skytaper: SEM evaluation of cleaning efficiency”. Annali di Stomatologia 6.3-4 (2015): 69. 
23. Poggio C., et al. “Effects of NiTi rotary and reciprocating instruments on debris and smear layer scores: an SEM evaluation”. Journal of Applied Biomaterials and Functional 12.3 (2014): 256-262. 
24. Blair HS and Ho TC. “Studies in the adsorption and diffusion of ions in chitosan”. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 31.1 (1981): 6-10. 
25. Domard A. “pH and cd measurements on a fully deacetylated chitosan: application to CuII-polymer interactions”. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 9.2 (1987): 98-104. 
26. Pimenta JA., et al. “Chitosan: effect of a new chelating agent on the microhardness of root dentin”. Brazilian Dental Journal 23.3 (2012): 212-217. 
27. Silva PV., et al. “Chitosan: a new solution for removal of smear layer after root canal instrumentation”. International Endodontic Journal 46.4 (2013): 332-338. 
28. Del Carpio-Perochena A., et al. “Chelating and antibacterial properties of chitosan nanoparticles on dentin”. Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics 40.3 (2015): 195-201.
29. Akyuz Ekim SN and Erdemir A. “Comparison of different irrigation activation techniques on smear layer removal: an In vitro study”. Microscopy Research and Technique 78.3 (2015): 230-239. 
30. Mathew SP., et al. “Comparative evaluation of smear layer removal by chitosan and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid when used as irrigant and its effect on root dentine: An in vitro atomic force microscopic and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis”. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 20.4 (2017): 245.
31. Darrag AM. “Effectiveness of different final irrigation solutions on smear layer removal in intraradicular dentin”. Tanta Dental Journal 11.2 (2014): 93-99.
32. Hassan HY and Negm AM. “A comparative study to evaluate the effect of different irrigation solutions on the smear layer”. Egyptian Dental Journal 64 (2018): 7-15. 
33. Mittal A., et al. “Comparison of new irrigating solutions on smear layer removal and calcium ions chelation from the root canal: an In vitro study”. Journal of Endodontics 30.1 (2018): 55. 

Citation

Citation: Ahmed Yousef Soliman., et al. "Assessment of the Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles on the Ultra-Structure of Dentinal Wall: A Comparative In vitro Study”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 4.4 (2020): 32-38.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Ahmed Yousef Soliman., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.