Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the history and utilization of spectacle correction among young adult undergraduates in a tertiary institution of Nigeria.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, where five hundred (500) young adults comprising 243 (48.6%) males and 257 (51.4%) females were randomly selected from Madonna University Nigeria Elele, Rivers State, for 30 days during the regular academic session. Participants’ age ranged from 17 to 34 years with mean age and standard deviation of 20.60 ± 2.52 yrs. Ethical approvals and informed consent were obtained. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16) and tested with the Pearson chi-squared test, p-value < 0.05 was taken to be significant. 

Results: Results showed a 65 (13.0%) utilization of spectacle correction among young adults. A total of 366 (73.2%) of the study population had never utilized spectacle despite having been so recommended. And 134 (26.8%) who had experienced wearing spectacle corrections abandoned them for various reasons. Females 41(16%) utilized spectacle corrections than males 24 (9.9%), although this was not significant (P-Value = 0.248). Those who never used spectacles were 181 (74.4%) males and 185 (72%) females. Utilization of spectacle correction was highest at 41 (8.2%) among 17 - 20 years and reduced with increasing age as no one utilized it at 29 - 34 years. Those who had never used spectacles were highest at 210 (42%) and noted among 17 - 20 years, while the least was 6 (1.2%) indicated among 29 - 34 years. Age was not statistically significant in this study (P-Value = 0.660). There was very low utilization of spectacle correction among young adults, with a high population who never utilized it, and a significant other who abandoned it for sundry reasons. 

Conclusion: Efforts towards education and public enlightenment will sustain the actions against blindness and visual impairment due to preventable causes.

Keywords: History; Utilization; Spectacle Correction; Young Adults

References

1. Heuck G. “Zwei Fälle von Leukämie mit eigentümlichen Blut resp Knochenmark-befund”. Virchows Archiv 78 (1879): 475.
2. Vaquez MH. “Sur une forme speciale de cyanose s’accompagnant d’hyperglobulie excessive et persitante”. Compte Rendues des seances de la Societé de Biologie 44 (1892): 384-388.
3. Dameshek W. “Some speculations on the myeloproliferative syndromes”. Blood 6 (1951): 372-375.
4. Nowell PC and Hungerford DA. “A minute chromosome in human chronic granulocytic leukemia”. Science 132 (1960): 1497.
5. Rowley J. “A new consistent chromosomal abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia identified by quinacrine fluorescence Giemsa staining”. Nature 243 (1973): 290-291.
6. De Klein A., et al. “A cellular oncogene is translocated to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia”. Nature 300 (1982): 765-767.
7. Lugo TG., et al. “Tyrosine kinase activity and transformation potency of bcr/abl oncogene products”. Science 247 (1990): 1079-1082.
8. Kelliber MA., et al. “Induction of a chronic myelogenous-like syndrome in mice with v-abl and BCR/ABL”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (1990): 6649-6653.
9. Shephard PCA., et al. “Haematological classification of the chronic myeloid leukemias”. Baillière's Clinical Haematology 1 (1987): 887-906.
10. Michiels JJ., et al. “Philadelphia chromosome-positive thrombocythemia and megakaryoblast leukemia”. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 88 (1987): 645-652.
11. Dameshek W. “Physiopathology and course of polycythemia vera as related to therapy”. Journal of the American Medical Association 142 (1950): 790-797.
12. James C., et al. “A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythemia vera”. Nature 434 (2005): 1144-1148.
13. James C., et al. “A JAK2 mutation in myeloproliferative disorders: pathogenesis and therapeutic and scientific prospects”. Trends in Molecular Medicine 11 (2005): 546-554.
14. Thiele J., et al. “Primary (essential) thrombocythemia versus polycythemia rubra vera. A histomorphometric analysis of bone marrow features in trephine biopsies”. Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology 10 (1988): 375-382.
15. Thiele J., et al. “Histomorphometry of bone marrow biopsies in chronic myeloproliferative disorders with associated thrombocythosis – features of significance for the diagnosis of primary (essential) thrombocythemia”. Virchows Archiv A Pathological Anatomy and Histology 413 (1988): 407-417.
16. Thiele J., et al. “Primary (essential) thrombocythemia versus hyperplastic stages of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with thrombocytosis: a critical evaluation of clinical and histomorphological data”. Acta Haematologica 81 (1989): 192-202.
17. Thiele J., et al. “Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) – correlation of bone marrow lesions with laboratory data: a longitudinal clinicopathological study on 114 patients”. Hematological Oncology 7 (1989): 327-343.
18. Georgii A., et al. “Chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic myelosis – CMGM”. Virchows Archiv A Pathological Anatomy and Histology 389 (1980): 253-268.
19. Georgii A., et al. “Chronic myeloproliferative disorders in bone marrow biopsies”. Pathology - Research and Practice 186 (1990): 3-27.
20. Georgii A., et al. “Classification and staging of Ph-negative myeloproliferative disorders by histopathology from bone marrow biopsies”. Leukemia and Lymphoma 22.1 (1996):15-29.
21. Laszlo J. “Myeloproliferative disorders (MPD): myelofibrosis, myelosclerosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, undifferentiated MPD and hemorrhagic thrombocythemia”. Seminars in Hematology 12 (1975): 409-432.
22. Thiele J., et al. “Idiopathic primary osteomyelofibrosis: A clinico-pathological study on 208 patients wit special emphasis on evolution of disease features, differentiation from essential thrombocythemia and variables of prognostic impact”. Leukemia and Lymphoma 22 (1996): 303-317.
23. 2001 WHO classification of the chronic myeloproliferative diseases (CMPD) polycythemia vera, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia and CMPD unclassifiable. In: Jaffe S, Harris NL, Stein H et al, editors. WHO Classification of Tumours. Tumours of Haematopoiesis and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon. IARC (2001): 31-42.
24. Michiels JJ. “Diagnostic criteria of the myeloproliferative4 disorders (MPD): essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic metaplasia”. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 51 (1997): 57-64.
25. Murphy S., et al. “Essential thrombocythemia: An interim report from the Polycythemia Vera Study Group”. Seminars in Hematology 23 (1986): 177-182.
26. Murphy S., et al. “Experience of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group with essential thrombocythemia: a final report on diagnostic criteria, survival, and leukemic transition by treatment”. Seminars in Hematology 34 (1997): 29-39.
27. Michiels JJ., et al. “Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of the myeloproliferative disorders essential thromboythemia, polycythemia vera and essential megakaryocytic granulocytic myeloproliferation and myelofibrosis”. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 54 (1999): 46-62.
28. Michiels JJ., et al. “Diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia vera and possible future study designs of the PVSG”. Leukemia Lymphoma 36 (2000): 239-253.
29. Michiels JJ., et al. “WHO none marrow features and European Clinical Molecular and Pathological (ECMP) criteria for the diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorders”. Leukemia Research 31 (2007): 1031-1038.
30. Michiels JJ., et al. “The 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) and updated European clinical and pathological (ECP) criteria for the diagnosis, classification and staging of the Ph1-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD)”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 32 (2006): 307-340. 
31. Lengfelder E., et al. “Should a platelet count of 600 x109/l be used as a diagnostic criterion in essential thrombocythemia? An analysis of the natural course including early stages”. British Journal of Haematology 100 (1998): 15-23.
32. Tefferi A., et al. “Proposals and rationale for revision of the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis”. Blood 110 (2007):1092-1097. 
33. Wasserman LR. “Polycthemia vera, its course and treatment: relation to myeloid metaplasia and leukemia”. The bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 30 (1954): 343-375.
34. Wasserman LR., et al. “Polycythemia vera and the myeloproliferative disorders”. WB Saunders Philadelphia (1995).
35. Berlin NI. “Diagnosis and classification of the polycythemias”. Seminars in Hematology 12 (1975): 339-351.
36. Michiels JJ and Juvonen E. “Proposal for revised diagnostic criteria of essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera by the Thrombocythemia Vera Study Group”. Semin Thromb Hemostas 23 (1997): 339-347.
37. Pearson TC and Wetherley-Mein G. “The course and complications of idiopathic erythrocytosis”. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 1 (1979): 189-196.
38. Najean Y., et al. “Pure erythrocytosis: reappraisal of a study of 51 patients”. American Journal of Hematology 10 (1981): 129-136.
39. Kurnick JE., et al. “Bone marrow sections in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia”. Archives of Pathology 94 (1972): 489-499.
40. Ellis JT., et al. “The bone marrow in polycythemia vera”. Seminars in Hematology 12 (1975): 433-444. 
41. Ellis JT and Peterson P. “The bone marrow in polycythemia vera”. Pathology Annual 14 (1979): 383-403.
42. Prchal JF and Axelrad AE. “Bone marrow responses in polycythemia vera”. The New England Journal of Medicine 290 (1974): 1382.
43. Prchal JF., et al. “Erythroid colony formation in plasma culture from cells of peripheral blood in myeloproliferative disorders”. Blood 44 (1974): 912.
44. Zanjani ED., et al. “Erythroid colony formation by polycythemia vera bone marrow in vitro. Dependence on erythropoietin”. Journal of Clinical Investigation 59 (1977): 841-848.
45. Michiels JJ. “Clinical and pathological criteria for the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and idiopathic myelofibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia)”. International Journal of Hematology 76 (2002): 133-145.
46. Michiels JJ. “Bone marrow histopathology and biological markers as specific clues to the differential diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and prefibrotic or fibrotic myeloid metaplasia”. Journal of Hematology 5 (2004): 93-102.
47. Thiele J., et al. “Bone marrow features of diagnostic impact in erythrocytosis”. Annals of Hematology 84 (2005): 362-367.
48. Thiele J., et al. “Initial (latent) polycythemia vera with thrombocytosis mimicking essential thrombocythemia”. Acta Haematologica 113 (2005): 213-219. 
49. Thiele J., et al. “Polycythemia rubra vera versus secondary polycythemias. A clinicopathological evaluation of distinctive features in 199 patients”. Pathology - Research and Practice 197 (2001): 77-84.
50. Michiels JJ., et al. “MPD Doctors Brochure (2004). 
51. Thiele J and Kvasnicka HM. “Clinicopathological criteria for differential diagnosis of thrombocythemias in various myeloprolifertive disorders”. Seminars in Thrombosis 32 (2006): 219-230.
52. Michiels JJ., et al. “Clinical and laboratory features, pathobiology of platelet-mediated thrombosis and bleeding complications and the molecular etiology of essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera: therapeutic implications”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 32 (2006): 174-207.
53. Michiels JJ., et al. “WHO bone marrow features and European clinical molecular and pathlogical criteria for the diagnosis and classification of myeloproliferative disorders”. Leukemia Research 31 (2007): 1031-1038.
54. Michiels JJ., et al. “Diagnosis and Classification of MPD. 1^st International Lymphoma-Leukemia-Myeloma (LLM) Congress”. Turkish Journal of Hematology Proceeding 24.1 (2007): 37-53.
55. Lamy T., et al. “Inapparent polycythemia vera: an unrecognized diagnosis”. The American Journal of Medicine 102 (1997): 14-20.
56. Sirhan S., et al. “Red cell mass and plasma volume measurements in polycythemia”. Cancer 104 (2005): 213-215.
57. Dameshek W and Henstell HH. “The diagnosis of polycythemia”. Annals of Internal Medicine 13 (1940): 1360-1387.
58. Johansson PL., et al. “An elevated venous haemoglobin concentration cannot be used as a surrogate marker for absolute erythrocytosis: a study of patients with polycythemia vera and apparent polycythaemia”. British Journal of Haematology 129 (2005): 701-705.
59. Westwood NB and Pearson TC. “Diagnostic applications of haematopoietic progenitor culture techniques in polycythaemias and thrombocythaemias”. Leukemia Lymphoma 22.1 (1996): 95-103.
60. Juvonen E., et al. “Megakaryocyte and erythroid colony formation in essential thrombocythaemia and reactive thrombocytosis: diagnostic value and correlation to complication”. British Journal of Haematology 83 (1993): 192-197.
61. Shih LY and Lee CT. “Identification of masked polycythemia vera from patients with idiopathic thrombocytosis by endogenous elytroid colony assay”. Blood 83 (1994): 744-748.
62. Liu E., et al. “Discrimination of polycythemias and thrombocytoses by novel simple, accurate clonality assays and comparison with PRV-1expression and BFU-e responses to erythropoietin”. Blood 101 (2003): 3294-3301.
63. Dobo I., et al. “Standardization and comparison of endogenous erythroid colony assays performed with bone marrow or blood progenitors for the diagnosis of polycythemia vera”. Journal of Hematology 5 (2004): 161-167.
64. Mossuz P., et al. “Diagnostic value of serum erythropoietin level in patients with absolute erythrocytosis”. Haematologica (2004): 1194-1198.
65. Johansson P., et al. “The presence of a significant association between elevated PRV-1 mRNA expression and low plasma erythropoietin concentration in essential thrombocythemia”. European Journal of Haematology 70 (2003): 358-362.
66. Temerinac S., et al. “Cloning of PRV-1, a novel member of the uPAR receptor superfamily, which is over expressed in polycythemia rubra vera”. Blood 95 (2000): 2569-2576.
67. Pahl HL. “Polycythaemia vera: will new markers help us answer old questions?” Acta Haematologica 108 (2002): 120-131.  
68. Goertler PS., et al. “The JAK2 V617F mutation, PRV-1 over expression and EEC formation define a similar cohort of MPD patients”. Blood 106 (2005): 2862-2864.
69. Griesshammer M., et al. “PRV-1 mRNA expression discriminates two types of essential thrombocythemia”. Annals of Hematology 83 (2004): 364-370.
70. Messinezy M., et al. “Serum erythropoietin values in erythrocytoses and in primary thrombocythaemia”. British Journal of Haematology 117 (2002): 47-53.
71. Jantunen R., et al. “Development of erythrocytosis in the course of essential thrombocythemia”. Annals of Hematology 78 (1999): 219-222.
72. De Stefano V., et al. “Spontaneous erythroid colony formation as the clue to an underlying myeloproliferative disorder in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome or portal vein thrombosis”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 23 (1997): 411-418.
73. Chait Y., et al. “Relevance of the criteria commonly used to diagnose myeloproliferative disorders in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis”. British Journal of Haematology 129 (2005): 553-560. 
74. Brière J. “Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis associated with myeloprioliferative disorders: diagnosis and management”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 32 (2006): 208-218.
75. Smalberg JH., et al. “Myeloproliferative disease in the pathogenesis and survival of Budd-Chiari syndrome”. Haematologica 91 (2006): 1712-1713.
76. Patel RK., et al. “Prevalence of the activating JAK2 troikas mutation V617F in the Budd-Chiari Syndrome”. Gastroenterology 130 (2006): 2031-2038.
77. Colaizzo D., et al. “The JAK2 V617F mutation frequently occurs in patients with portal vein and mesenteric vein thrombosis”. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 5 (2007): 55-61.
78. De Stefano V., et al. “Prevalence of the JAK2V617F mutation among patients with splanchnic or cerebral venous thrombosis and without overt chronic myeloproliferative disorders”. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 4 (2007): 708-714.
79. Pragmanini M., et al. “Role of the JAK2 mutation in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders in splanchnic vein thrombosis”. Hepatology 44 (2006): 1528-1534. 
80. Boissinot M., et al. “Latent myeloproliferative disorder revealed by the JAK2V617F mutation and endogenous megakaryocytic colonies in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis”. Blood 108 (2006): 3323-3324.
81. Commandeur S. “500 MPD-ers onder de loep. Resultaten MPD enquete”. PUR SANG 7.1 (2010):12-15.
82. Delhommeau F., et al. “Oncogenic mechanism in myeloproliferative disorders”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 63 (2006): 2939-2953.
83. Villeval JL., et al. “New insights into the pathogenesis of JAK2V617F-positive myeloproliferative disorders and consequences for the management of patients”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 32 (2006): 341-351.
84. Passamonti F., et al. “Relation between JAK2 V617F mutation status, granulocyte activation, and constitutive mobilization of CD34+ cells into peripheral blood in myeloproliferative disorders”. Blood 107 (2006): 3676-3682.
85. Scott LM., et al. “Progenitors homozygous for the V617F JAK2 mutation occur in most patients with polycythemia vera, but not essential thrombocythemia”. Blood 108 (2006): 2435-2437.
86. Dupont S., et al. “The JAK2V617F mutation triggers erythropoietin hypersensitivity and terminal erythroid amplification in primary cells from patients with polycythemia vera”. Blood (2007).
87. Tefferi A., et al. “The clinical phenotype of wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous JAK2V617F in polycythemia”. Cancer 106 (2006): 631-635.
88. Chen Z., et al. “Gain of 9p in the pathogenesis of polycythemia vera”. Genes Chromosomes and Cancer 22 (1998): 321-324.
89. Naifeld V., et al. “Exploring polycythemia vera with fluorescence in situ hybridization: additional cryptic 9p is the most frequent abnormality detected”. British Journal of Haematology 119 (2002): 558-566.
90. Campbell PJ., et al. “Mutation of JAK2 in the myeloproliferative disorders: timing, clonality studies, cytogenetic associations, and the role in leukemic transformation”. Blood 18 (2006): 3548-3555.
91. Scott LM., et al. “JAK2 exon 12 mutations in polycythemia vera and idiopathic erythrocytosis”. The New England Journal of Medicine 356 (2007): 459-468.
92. Zhou W., et al. “Transgenic mice overexpression human c-mpl ligand exhibit chronic thrombocytosis and display enhanced recovery from 5-fluoruracil or antiplatelet serum treatment”. Blood 89 (1997): 1551-1559.
93. Pikman Y., et al. “MPLW515L is a novel somatic activation mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia”. PLOS Medicine (2006).
94. Pardanani A., et al. “MPL515 mutations in myeloproliferative and other myeloid disorders: a study of 1182 patients”. Blood 108 (2006): 3472-3476.
95. Vannucchi AM., et al. “Charateristics and clinical correlates of MPL515W>L/K mutation in essential thrombocythemia”. Blood 112 (2008): 844-847.
96. Michiels JJ., et al. “Histopathology of erythromelalgia in thrombocythemia”. Histopathology 8 (1984): 466-471.
97. Michiels JJ., et al. “Erythromelalgia caused by platelet-mediated arteriolar inflammation and thrombosis in thrombocythemia”. Annals of Internal Medicine 102 (1985): 466-471.
98. Michiels JJ., et al. “Transient neurologic and ocular manifestations in primary thombocythemia”. Neurology 43 (1993): 1107-1110.
99. Michiels JJ., et al. “Erythromelalgic, thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations in 50 cases of thrombocythemia”. Leukemia and Lymphoma 22.1 (1996): 47-56.
100. Michiels JJ., et al. “JAK2V617F positive early stage myeloproliferative disease (essential thrombocythemia) as the cause of portal vein thrombosis in two middle-aged females: therapeutic implications in view of the literature”. Annals of Hematology 86.11 (2007): 793-800.
101. Schlemper RJ., et al. “Familial essential thrombocythemia: clinical charateristics of 11 cases in one family”. Annals of Hematology 68 (1994): 153-158.
102. Wiestner A., et al. “An activating splice donor mutation in the thrombopoietin gene causes hereditary thrombocythemia”. Nat Genet 18 (1998): 49-52.
103. Kralovics R., et al. “Comparison of molecular markers in a cohort of patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders”. Blood 102 (2003): 1869-1871.
104. Ding J., et al. “Familial essential thrombocythemia associated with a dominant-positive activating mutation of the c-MPL gene, which encodes the receptor for thrombopoietin”. Blood 103 (2004): 4198-4200. 
105. Thiele J., et al. “Clinicopathological diagnosis and differential criteria of thrombocythemias in various myeloproliferative disorders by histopathology, histochemistry and immunostaining from bone marrow biopsies”. Leukemia and Lymphoma 33 (1999): 207-218.
106. Thiele J Kvasnicka HM and Fischer R. “Histochemistry and morphometry on bone marrow biopsies in chronic myeloproliferative disorders: aids to diagnosis and classification”. Annals of Hematology 78 (1999): 495-506.
107. Michiels JJ. “The myeloproliferative disorders. An historical appraisal and personal experiences”. Lymphoid Leukemia 22.1 (1996):1-14.
108. Thiele J and Kvasnicka HM. “A critical reappraisal of the WHO classification of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders”. Leukemia and Lymphoma 47 (2006): 381-396. 
109. Kvasnicka HM and Thiele J. “The impact of clinicopathological studies on staging and survival in ET, PV and IMF”. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 32 (2006): 362-371.
110. Thiele J., et al. “Follow-up examinations including sequential bone marrow biopsies in essential thrombocythemia (ET): a retrospective clinicopathological study of 120 patients”. American Journal of Hematology 70 (2002): 283-291.
111. Cervantes F., et al. “Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia following essential thrombocythaemia: actuarial probability, presenting characteristics and evolution in a series of 195 patients”. British Journal of Haematology 118 (2002): 786-790.
112. Wolansky A., et al. “Essential thrombocythemia beyond the first decade: life expectancy, long-term complication rates, and prognostic factors”. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81 (2006): 159-166.
113. Michiels JJ., et al. “Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome positive thrombocythemia without features of chronic myeloid leukemia in peripheral blood: natural history and diagnostic differentiation from Ph-negative essential thrombocythemia”. Annals of Hematology 83 (2004): 504-512.
114. Schmitt-Graeff A., et al. “Essential thrombocythemia with ringed sideroblasts: a heterogenous spectrum of diseases, but not a distinct entity”. Haematologica 87 (2002): 392-399.
115. Shaw GR. “Ringed sideroblasts with thrombocytosis: an uncommon mixed myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease of older adults”. British Journal of Haematology 131 (2005): 180-184.
116. Szpurka H., et al. “Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with matked thrombocytosis (RARS-T), another myeloproliferative condition characterized by JAK2V617F mutation”. Blood 108 (2006): 2173-2181.
117. Gatterman N., et al. “High frequency of the JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with thrombocytosis (platelet count >600 x109/l) and ringed sideroblasts more than 15% considered as MDS/MPD, unclassifiable”. Blood 109 (2007): 1334-1335.
118. Campbell P., et al. “Definition of essential thrombocythemia and relation of essential thrombocythemia to polycythaemia vera based on JAK2 V617F mutation status: a prospective study”. Lancet 366 (2005): 1945-1953.
119. Campbell P and green AR. “The myeloproliferative disorders”. The New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 2452-2466.
120. James C., et al. “Detection of JAK2 V617F as a first intention diagnostic test for erythrocytosis”. Leukemia 20 (2006): 350-353.
121. Tefferi A and Pardanani A. “Mutation screening for JAK2V617F: when to order the test and how to interpret the results”. Leukemia Research 108 (2006): 3472-3476.
122. Napier JAF and Janowsky-Wieczorck A. “Erythropoietin measurements in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia”. British Journal of Haematology 48 (1981): 393.
123. Cotes PM., et al. “Determination of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in the investigation of erythrocytosis”. The New England Journal of Medicine 315 (1986): 283-287.
124. Birgegard G and Wide L. “Serum erythropoietin in the diagnosis of polycythemia and after phlebotomy treatment”. British Journal of Haematology 81 (1992): 603-606.
125. Messinezy M., et al. “Low serum erythropoietin: a strong diagnostic criterion of primary polycythaemia even at normal haemoglobin levels”. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 17 (1995): 217-220.
126. Tefferi A. “The diagnosis of polycythemia vera: new tests and old dictums”. Best Practice and Research Clin Haematol 19 (2006): 455-469.
127. Andreasson B., et al. “Management of patients with polycythemia vera: results of a survey among Swedish haematologists”. European Journal of Haematology 74 (2005): 489-495.
128. Le Bousse-Kerdiles and MC Martyré. “Dual implication of fibrogenic cytokines in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and myeloproliferation in myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis”. Annals of Hematology 78 (1999): 437-444.
129. Bauermeister DE. “Quantification of bone marrow reticulin”. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 56 (1971): 24-31.
130. Manoharan A., et al. “Prognostic factors in myelofibrosis”. Pathology 14 (1982): 445-461.
131. Thiele J., et al. “European consensus for grading of bone marrow fibrosis and assessment of cellularity in myeloproliferative disorders”. Haematologica 90 (2005): 1128-1132.
132. Moliterno AR., et al. “Molecular mimicry in the chronic myeloproliferative disorders: reciprocity between quantitative JAK2V617F and MPL expression”. Blood 108 (2006): 3913-3915.
133. Bock O., et al. “Detection of the single hotspot mutation in the JH2 pseudokinase domain of Janus kinase 2 in bone marrow trephine biopsies derived from myeloproliferative disorders”. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 8 (2006): 170-177.
134. Thiele J., et al. “Clinical and morphological criteria for the diagnosis of prefibrotic idiopathic myelofibrosis”. Annals of Hematology 80 (2001): 160-165.
135. Horn Th., et al. “Detection of the activating JAK2 V617F mutation in paraffin-embedded trephine bone marrow biopsies of patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases”. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 3 (2006): 299-304. 
136. Michiels JJ. “Polycythemia Vera era 1939-1998 from Berkley to Rotterdam and the change of PVSG into ECP criteria of Myeloproliferative Disorders ET, PV and PMGM: Proceeding of the first Rotterdam MPD Workshop 1998 and beyond”. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Disease 5 (2017): 6.
137. Tefferi A and Vardiman JW. “Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The 2008 World Health Organization criteria and point of care diagnostic algorithm”. Leukemia 22 (2008): 14-22.
138. Thiele., et al. “WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lympoid Tissues”. Lyon France IARC Press (2008): 40-50.
139. Michiels JJ. “Physiopathology, etiologic factors, diagnosis and course of polycythemia vera as related to therapy according to William Dameshek 1940-1950”. Turkish Journal of Hematology 30 (2013): 102-110.
140. Michiels JJ., et al. “The European clinical, molecular and pathological (ECMP) criteria and the 2007/2008 revisions of the World Health Organization for the diagnosis, classification and staging of the prefibrotic myeloproliferative neoplasms carrying the JAK2V617F mutation”. Turkish Journal of Hematology 31 (2014): 136-142.
141. Michiels JJ., et al. “PVSG and WHO vs European Clinical, Molecular and Pathological (ECMP) criteria for prefibrotic myeloproliferative neoplasms”. World Journal of Hematology 2 (2013): 71-88.
142. Michiels JJ., et al. “Changing concepts of diagnostic criteria of myeloproliferative disorders and the molecular etiology and classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms: From Dameshek 1950 to Vainchenker 2005 and beyond”. Acta Haematologica 133 (2015): 36-51.
143. Michiels JJ., et al. “Bone Marrow Histology Characteristics in MPL515 Mutated Thrombocythemia with Various Degrees of Myelofibrosis: A Cross Sectional Follow-up Study in Eight Cases”. Journal of Hematology and Thromboembolic Diseases 6 (2018): 2. 
144. Michiels JJ., et al. “Bone marrow histology in CALR mutated thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis: results from two cross sectional studies in 70 newly diagnosed JAK2/MPL wild type thrombocythemia patients”. International Journal of Bone Marrow Research 2 (2019): 064-078. 
145. Michiels JJ and De Raeve H. “The PVSG/WHO versus the Rotterdam European clinical, molecular, and pathological diagnostic criteria for the classification of myeloproliferative disorders and myeloroloiferative neoplasms (MPD/MPN): From Dameshek to Georgii, Vainchenker and Michiels 1950-2018”. International Journal of Bone Marrow Research 2 (2019): 027-050. 
146. Michiels JJ and De Raeve H. “The PVSG/WHO versus the Rotterdam clinical, molecular, and pathological criteria for the classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPD/MPN): From Dameshek to Georgii, Vainchenker and Michiels 1950-2018”. International Journal of Bone Marrow Research (IJBMR) 2 (2019): 027-050. 
147. De Raeve H., et al. “Bone marrow histology is a pathognomonic clue to each of the JAK2V617F, MPL515 and calreticulin mutated thrombocythemias in myeloproliferative neoplasms”. Clinical Research in Hematology 1.2 (2018): 1-7.
148. Michiels JJ. “Aspirin cures erythromelalgia and cerebrovascular disturbances in JAK2-mutated thrombocythemia through platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition”. World Journal of Hematology 6.3 (2017): 32-54. 
149. Michiels JJ., et al. “Aspirin responsive sticky platelet mediated thrombophilia caused by gain of function mutations in the thrombopoietin, JAK2 and MPL genes in Hereditary and acquired essential thrombocythemia”. J Pedia Cong Disorders 5 (2019): 1-5.
150. Michiels JJ. “Changing concepts on the myeloproliferative disorders/neoplasms (MPD/MPN), chronic myeloid leukemia and thrombocythemia in various MPDs: From Dameshek 1950 to Vainchenker 2005 and Michiels 2012 in view of the ECMP criteria for the diagnosis, classification and staging of MPNs”. International Journal of Hematology and Blood Disorders (2005).
151. Michiels JJ., et al. “Change of WHO into CLMP classification of five distinct clonal myeloproliferative neoplasms caused by JAK2, MPL and CALR mutations”. Journal of Blood Disorders and Transfusion 2.3 (2019):92-110.
152. Michiels JJ. “Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) disease burden, quality of life, social activity, work participation and fatigue in 497 MPN patients: a comparison of treatment options in Dutch, Italian and Mayo Clinic Studies”. K Blood Transfusion and Disease 2.3 (2015):111-121. 
153. Michiels JJ., et al. “Change of the 2008/2016 WHO criteria into European Clinical Laboratory Molecular and Pathological (ECMP/CLMP) classification of BRC/ABL negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms caused by JAK2, MPL and CALR driver mutations”. Journal of Hematology and Hemotherapy 4 (2019): 006.
154. Michiels JJ., et al. “Change of the PVSG-WHO into the 2019 CLMP criteria for classification and staging of JAK2, MPL and CALR mutated Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Bone Marrow characteristics from Dameshek to Georgii, Thiele and Michiels”. Annals of Hematology and Oncology 6.8 (2019):1262.
155. De Raeve., et al. “Bone marrow histology is of differential significance in prefibrotic JAK2V617F mutated essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera versus MPL515 and CALR mutated thrombocythemia with various degrees of secondary reticulin fibrosis”. Acta Scientific Cancer Biolology 3.9 (2019): 29-36. 
156. Michiels JJ and Van Vliet H. “Aspirin responsive erythromelalgia, cerebral and coronary microvascular thrombotic manifestations and the ‘Early Interferon First Line Intervention’ strategy as curative treatment options in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera”. Acta Scientific Pharm Sciences 4.2 (2020).
157. Yacoub A. “Pegylated interferon alfa-2a for polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea”. Blood (2019). 
158. Mansarova L., et al. “Pegylated interferon alfa-2a in patients with essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera: a post-hoc, median 83 momth follow-up of an open label, phase 2 trial”. The Lancet Haematology 4 (2017): e165-e175. 
159. Czech J., et al. “JAK2V617F but not CALR mutations confer increase molecular responses to interferon-alfa via JAK1/STAT1 activation”. Leukemia (2018). 
160. Pederson RK., et al. “Data driven analysis of JAK2V617F kinetics during interferon-alfaa2a treatment of patients with polycythemivera and related neoplasms”. Cancer Medicine (2020): 1-13. 

Citation

Citation: Samuel Chibueze Osuji., et al. “History and Utilization of Spectacle Correction Among Young Adults of a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 4.4 (2020): 88-92.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Samuel Chibueze Osuji., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.