Abstract

  A newly emerged Human Coronavirus (HCoV) was reported in month of Dec 19 in Wuhan city of China (COVID-19). Due to high virulence ability and resistance of corona virus, several studies were carried out to screen existing drugs like antiviral, anti-malarial and anti-tubercular as potential targets for the treatment of disease. Therefore, its essential to develop an effective treatment strategy to control the virus spread and prevent the disease. In this review Here, we have reported the novel approaches and strategies that were used to treat and prevent COVID infection. Although it seems that antiviral drugs, antiprotozoal, antibacterial drug, an antimalarial drug, and immunosuppressive drug are effective in improving clinical manifestation, there is no definite treatment protocol. Lymphocytopenia, excessive inflammation, and cytokine storm followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome are still unresolved issues that making the disease more severe. Various herbal drugs derived from Indian traditional medicines, Chinese herbals medicine/traditional Chinese medicine (CHM/TCM) were used to prevent the progression of disease.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; World Health Organization (WHO)

References

1. MS Nadeem., et al. “Origin, potential therapeutic targets and treatment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19)”. Pathogens4 (2020): 1-13.
2. I Madabhavi., et al. “CoviD-19: A review”. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease2 (2020): 248-258.
3. G Duan. “Intuition on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19”. Research in Microbiology Journal5 (2020): 955-967.
4. T Singhal. “A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)”. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 4 (2020): 281-286.
5. L Ang., et al. “Herbal medicine for treatment of children diagnosed with COVID-19: A review of guidelines”. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 39 (2020): 101174.
6. P E Gray and Y Belessis. “The use of Traditional Chinese Medicines to treat SARS-CoV-2 may cause more harm than good”. Pharmacology Research 156 (2020): 104776.
7. P Sinha., et al. “Is a ‘cytokine Storm’ Relevant to COVID-19?”. JAMA Internal Medicine9 (2020): 1152-1154.
8. D E Leisman., et al. “Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation”. Intensive Care Medicne (2020).
9. T Herold., et al. “Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19”. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1 (2020): 128-136.
10. A G Laing., et al. “A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis”. Nature Medicne 26 (2020): 1623-1635.
11. C. Price., et al. “Tocilizumab Treatment for Cytokine Release Syndrome in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients”. Chest (2020).
12. F Van Rhee., et al. “Siltuximab for multicentric Castleman’s disease: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial”. Lancet Oncology9 (2014): 966-974.
13. P La Rosée., et al. “Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults”. Blood (2019).
14. E J Giamarellos-Bourboulis., et al. “Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure”. Cell Host and Microbe 6 (2020): 992-1000.e3.
15. A Mazzoni., et al. “Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent”. Journal of Clinical Investigation (2020).
16. S A Baron., et al. “Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents4 (2020).
17. B SA., et al. “Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of {COVID}-19?”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (2020).
18. M Costanzo., et al. “SARS-CoV-2: Recent Reports on Antiviral Therapies Based on Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Darunavir/Umifenovir, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Favipiravir and other Drugs for the Treatment of the New Coronavirus”. Current Medicinal Chemistry 27 (2020): 4536-4541.
19. R E Ferner and J K Aronson. “Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19”. BMJ 369 (2020): 9-10.
20. J Magagnoli., et al. “Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Usage in United States Veterans Hospitalized with COVID-19”. Med1 (2020): 114-127.
21. J Chen., et al. “A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19”. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban2 (2020): 215-219.
22. W Tang., et al. “Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: Open label, randomised controlled trial”. BMJ (2020).
23. “Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin for the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection”.
24. E S Rosenberg., et al. “Association of Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York State”. JAMA 24 (2020): 2493-2502.
25. “Lopinavir/ Ritonavir, Ribavirin and IFN-beta Combination for nCoV Treatment”. Case Medical Research (2020).
26. S S Jean., et al. “Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges”. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection3 (2020): 436-443.
27. “Efficacy and Safety of Anti HCV Drugs in the Treatment of COVID-19” (2020).
28. R Priya and V Sujatha. “AYUSH for COVID-19: Science or Superstition?”. Indian Journal of Public Health4 (2020): 105-107.
29. W B Grant., et al. “Evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and covid-19 infections and deaths”. Nutrients4 (2020): 988.
30. C S Kow., et al. “Vitamin d supplementation in influenza and covid-19 infections comment on: ‘evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and covid-19 infections and deaths”. Nutrients 4 (2020): 988.
31. Y Li., et al. “Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-Analysis”. Systematic Reviews 9 (2020).
32. S Nikhat and M Fazil. “Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine”. Science of The Total Environment 1 (2020): 38859.
33. J Wollumbin. “Unani Tibb”. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society (2015).
34. E H Hong., et al. “Anti-influenza activity of betulinic acid from Zizyphus Jujuba on influenza A/PR/8 virus”. Biomolecular Therapy4 (2015): 345-349.
35. M J Oza and Y A Kulkarni. “Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the medicinal species of the genus Cordia (Boraginaceae)”. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2017).
36. D Kalliantas., et al. “Homeopathy combat against coronavirus disease (Covid-19)”. Journal of Public Health (2020).
37. KLA To and YYY Fok. “Homeopathic Clinical Features of 18 Patients in COVID-19 Outbreaks in Hong Kong”. Homeopathy 109 (2020): 146-162.
38. D Chalia., et al. “World Homoeopathy Day 2020: Connecting digitally during the adversities of COVID-19 lockdown”. Indian Journal of Research in Homeopathy 2 (2020): 160-167.
39. M S Refaey and M A A Fayed. “Traditional To Recent Approaches in Herbal Medicine Therapy of Covid-19”. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 5 (2020): 71-84.
40. C W Lin., et al. “Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds”. Antiviral Research1 (2005): 36-42.
41. K P Fung., et al. “Immunomodulatory activities of the herbal formula Kwan Du Bu Fei Dang in healthy subjects: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study”. Hong Kong Medical Journal2 (2011).
42. W Luo., et al. “Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Rheum palmatum L. extracts”. Bioscience Trends4 (2009): 124-126.
43. C J Chen., et al. “Toona sinensis Roem tender leaf extract inhibits SARS coronavirus replication”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology1 (2008): 108-111.
44. T Y Ho., et al. “Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction”. Antiviral Research2 (2007): 92-101.
45. S Schwarz., et al. “Emodin inhibits current through SARS-associated coronavirus 3a protein”. Antiviral Research 90 (2011): 64-69.
46. S Schwarz., et al. “Kaempferol derivatives as antiviral drugs against the 3a channel protein of coronavirus”. Planta Medica 80 (2014): 177-182.
47. Z Chen and T Nakamura. “Statistical evidence for the usefulness of Chinese medicine in the treatment of SARS”. Phytotherapy Research 7 (2004): 592-594.
48. Y F Deng., et al. “Inhibitory activities of baicalin against renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme”. Pharmaceutical Biology 4 (2011): 401-406.
49. P W Cheng., et al. “Antiviral effects of saikosaponins on human coronavirus 229E in vitro”. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 7 (2006): 612-616.

Citation

Citation: Manoj Gadewar., et al. “Therapeutic Strategies for Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Review”. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 5.2 (2021): 03-10.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Manoj Gadewar., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.