Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) in heavy metal (Pb and Cd) from water under different pH from (8.0-8.50)

  The present study investigates the ability of two genus of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) to phytoremediate cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. Duckweed was exposed to 3 different cadmium and lead concentrations, such as, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/L and the experiment was continued for 10 days. Water samples were collected periodically for estimation of residual cadmium and lead content in aqueous solution. At the end of treatment period plant samples were collected and accumulated cadmium and lead content was measured.

  Cadmium and lead toxicity was observed through relative growth factor and changes in chlorophyll content Experimental results showed that Spirodela polyrhiza were capable of removing 40-53% and 42-52% cadmium and lead respectively from media depending upon initial cadmium and lead concentrations.

Keywords: Duckweed; Spirodela polyrhiza; Cadmium; Lead; Heavy Metals Removal

References

1. Nowak J. “Review Benefits of In vitro “Biotization” of Plant Tissue Cultures with Microbial Inoculants”. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant 34 (1997): 122-130. 
2. Deb CR and Imchen T. “An Efficient In vitro Hardening Technique of Tissue Culture Raised Plants”. Biotechnology 9.1 (2010): 79-83.
3. Sánchez de Prager M. Las Endomicorrizas: Expresión Bioedáfica de Importancia En El Trópico”. Banco de la República: Palmira (2007).
4. Hossain MM., et al. “Improved Ex vitro Survival of Asymbiotically Raised Seedlings of Cymbidium Using Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Distant Orchid Taxa”. Scientia Horticulturae 159 (2013): 109-112.
5. Killebrew K and Wolff H. Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Technologies. Agricultural Policy and Statistics Team of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Evans School Policy Analysis and Research (EPAR) (2010). 
6. National Association of Professional Environmentalists. The Impacts of the Flower Industry on Environment and Peoples Livelihoods in Uganda (2012): 1-52.
7. Kothari RM. “Optimization of Secondary Hardening Process of Banana Plantlets (Musa Paradisiaca L . Var. Grand Nain)”. 5 (2006): 394-399.
8. Ordoñez NF., et al. “Efecto de Hongos Endófitos de Orquídeas Del Grupo Rhizoctonia Y Otros Endófitos Cultivables Sobre El Desarrollo de Plantas de Vanilla Planifolia JACKS”. Universidad Nacional de Colombia (2012).
9. Mosquera-espinosa AT., et al. “The Double Life of Ceratobasidium : Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Potential for Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia Solani Sheath Blight of Rice”. Mycologia 105.1 (2013): 141-150.
10. Verma S., et al. “Optimization of the Protocols for Surface Sterilization, Regeneration and Acclimatization of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni”. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 11.2 (2011): 221-227.
11. Das A., et al. “Cocultivation of Piriformospora Indica with Medicinal Plants: Case Studies”. (2013).
12. Müller A., et al. “Growing Poplars for Research with and without Mycorrhizas”. Frontiers in Plant Science 4 (2013): 332.
13. Pryce TM., et al. “Rapid Identification of Fungi by Sequencing the I T S L and ITS2 Regions Using an Automated Capillary Electrophoresis System”. Medical Mycology 41 (2003): 369-381.
14. Nelson PE., et al. “Fumonisins, Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium Species: Biology, Chemistry, and Significance”. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31.1 (1993): 233-252.
15. Xia Q., et al. “A Comprehensive Review of the Structure Elucidation and Biological Activity of Triterpenoids from Ganoderma Spp.”. Molecules 19.11 (2014): 17478-17535.
16. Türker M., et al. “Determination of Phytohormones Level in Some Dried and Fresh Macrofungi Taxa”. Phyton 45 (2005): 145-158.
17. Popova M., et al. “Antibacterial Triterpenes from the Threatened Wood-Decay Fungus Fomitopsis Rosea”. Fitoterapia 80.5 (2009): 263-266.
18. Zaragoza N. “Efecto de Extractos de Origen Fúngico En La Germinación Asimbiótica in Vitro de Guarianthe Aurantiaca (Bateman Ex Lindl.) Dressler et W. E. Higgins Y Euchile Mariae (Ames) Withner X Euchile Citrina (La Llave et Lexarza) Withner (Orchidaceae), Universidad Nacional Auóonoma de México, (2013).
19. Ríos JL., et al. “A Group of Potential Anticancer Compounds”. Journal of Natural Products 75.11 (2012): 2016-2044.
20. Özcan B. “GA 3, ABA and Cytokinin Production by Lentinus Tigrinus and Laetiporus Sulphureus Fungi Cultured in the Medium of Olive Oil Mill Waste 2001”. Turkish Journal of Biology 25.4 (2001): 453-462.
21. Ünyayar S., et al. “Abscisic Acid Production by Pleurotus Florida Cultured in Various Conditions and Its Relation to Growth”. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 9978 (2016).
22. Gründemann C., et al. “Comparative Chemical and Biological Investigations of β-Glucan-Containing Products from Shiitake Mushrooms”. Journal of Functional Foods 18 (2015): 692-702.
23. Chan W., et al. “Aislamiento y Evaluación de la Actividad Enzimática Ligninolítica de Macromicetos del Estado de Veracruz Mexico”. Revista internacional de Contaminación Ambiental 32.3 (2016): 339-351.
24. Zjawiony JK and Zjawiony JK. “Biologically Active Compounds from Aphyllophorales (Polypore) Fungi Biologically Active Compounds from Aphyllophorales (Polypore) Fungi ⊥”. Journal of natural products 67.2 (2004): 300-310.
25. Murashige T and Skoog F. “A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Culture”. Physiologia Plantarum 15 (1962): 473-497.
26. Arditti J. Micropropagation of Orchids, Second.; Publishing, Blackwell: Oxford (2008).
27. Echeverri AP., et al. “Manuel de Cultivo de Orquídeas, Quinta”. Orquideología, SC. de, Ed. Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideología: Medellín (2011).
28. Franco M., et al. “Hardening of the national flower of Colombia, the threatened Cattleya trianae (Orchidaceae), from in vitro culture with previous invigoration phase”. Revista de biología Tropical 55.2 (2007). 
29. Díaz LP., et al. “Acclimatization of Phalaenopsis and Cattleya obtained by micropropagation”. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnologia 21 (2010): 27-40.
30. Otero JT and Bayman P. “Germinación simbiótica y asimbiótica en semillas de orquídeas epifitas”. Acta Agronomica 58.4 (2009): 270-276.
31. Hajong S., et al. “Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Regeneration Potential of Axenic Nodal Segments of Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. Ex Lindl”. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 15 (2013): 1425-1435.
32. Thomas J., et al. “Influence of Beneficial Microorganisms During In vivo Acclimatization of In vitro-derived Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants”. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 101 (2010): 365-370.
33. Galdiano Júnior RF., et al. “Auxin-producing bacteria isolated from the roots of Cattleya walkeriana, an endangered Brazilian orchid, and their role in acclimatization”. de Macedo Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35 (2011): 729-737.
34. Aggarwal S., et al. “In vitro Symbiotic Seed Germination and Molecular Characterization of Associated Endophytic Fungi in a Commercially Important and Endangered Indian Orchid Vanda Coerulea Griff. Ex Lindl”. European Journal of Environmental Sciences 2.1 (2012): 33-42.
35. Rassmusen HN., et al. “Germination and Seedling Establishment in Orchids: A Complex of Requirements”. Annals of Botany 116 (2015): 391-402.

Citation

Citation: Zohuir Abdulla Ali Al-Balawna. “Remove Heavy Metals (Cd and Pb) from Irrigation Water in Jordan Valley by Using Duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza)".Acta Scientific Agriculture 4.2 (2020): 02-05.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Zohuir Abdulla Ali Al-Balawna. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.